Downloadable Instructor Resources
INSTRUCTOR’S
GUIDE
TO
PROBLEM SOLUTIONS
For
SYSTEMS ENGINEERING
AND ANALYSIS
Fifth Edition
By
Benjamin S. Blanchard
Wolter J. Fabrycky
FOREWORD
There are exactly 500 end-of-chapter questions, problems, and
exercises for student response and solution in this textbook. These are
included to emphasize the application of systems engineering concepts,
principles, and methods and to provide practice in systems analysis.
The responses presented are suggestive rather than complete. There
may be subjectivity inherent in some of the solution procedures. In these
cases, problems may be interpreted differently but correctly by different
people. Other problems may be solved in different ways, with the numerical
result being essentially the same for all correct procedures. Further, many of
the approaches and solutions are based on the personal experience of the
authors which is likely to be different for other individuals. While the
solutions given have been found to be simple and easily understood by most
people, it is assumed that the instructor will view differences accordingly and
enlarge upon them based on his or her own experience.
We would greatly appreciate any feedback and advice that you may
wish to offer about the questions, problems, and exercises and their solutions.
The validity and completeness of these exercises relative to the textbook
material is of keen interest to us. We seek to continuously improve both the
presented material in the book as well as the questions and problems derived
there from. In this regard we wish to thank Alan L. Fabrycky for his dedicated
editorial assistance in the preparation of this Instructor’s Guide.
This is a good opportunity
for us to thank you for choosing Systems
Engineering and Analysis, the Thirtieth Anniversary Edition, for use in
your course. We wish you the very best in your teaching and in promoting the
benefits of this emerging engineering interdiscipline.
Benjamin
S. Blanchard
Telephone
(540) 394-3311
Wolter
J. Fabrycky
Telephone
(540) 552-1957
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Part
I Introduction to Systems
Chapter 1 Systems
Science and Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Chapter 2 Bringing
Systems Into Being . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Part II The System Design Process
Chapter 3 Conceptual
System Design . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Chapter 4 Preliminary
System Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 21
Chapter 5 Detail
Design and Development . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Chapter 6 System
Test, Evaluation, and Validation . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Part III Systems Analysis and Design Evaluation
Chapter 7 Alternatives
and Models in Decision Making . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Chapter 8 Models
for Economic Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Chapter 9 Optimization
in Design and Operations . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . 55
Chapter 10 Queuing
Theory and Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 66
Chapter 11 Control
Concepts and Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
72
Part IV Design for Operational Feasibility
Chapter 12 Design
for Reliability . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Chapter 13 Design
for Maintainability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Chapter 14 Design
for Usability (Human Factors) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Chapter 15 Design
for Logistics and Supportability . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Chapter 16 Design
for Producibility, Disposability, and Sustainability . 115
Chapter 17 Design
for Affordability (Life-Cycle Costing)
. . . . . . . . . . . 120
Part V Systems Engineering Management
Chapter 18 Systems
Engineering Planning and Organization
. . . . . . . . . 140
Chapter 19 Program
Management, Control, and Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . 151
CHAPTER 1
SYSTEMS SCIENCE AND
ENGINEERING
1) A river system (Mississippi ) is an assemblage
of a watershed, tributaries, and river banks that conveys water from the
continental U.S. to the Gulf of Mexico . A municipal transportation system (Chicago
2) The major components of a home are listed in
Answer 1 above. Attributes include
acreage, terrain, square footage, utility capacities, styles of decorating and
furnishing, personalities, and philosophies. Relationships include layout, allocation of space to people, and
approaches to living together. Reference: Section 1.1.1 (page 3).
3) A chemica1 processing
plant is composed of structural
components (building, tanks, piping), operating
components (pumps, valves, controls), and flow
components (chemical constituents, energy, information). Reference: Section
1.1.1 (page 4).
4) An air transportation system is composed of aircraft and numerous supporting
facilities, equipment, and personnel, each of which is a subsystem. An aircraft itself is composed of lower–level subsystems
(fuselage, wings, and engines) and these subsystems are further composed of
subsystems. For example, the engine is composed of the compressor rotor, pump,
pod, etc. Finally, the compressor rotor is composed of components such as the
shaft and rotor blades. Reference: Section 1.1.2 (page 4).
5) The boundaries of a dam system can be
limited to the physical dam. Alternatively, the human-modified river system,
which now has a lake, can be considered a part of the dam system. The related
road system, for which the dam now provides a bridge over the river, can be
included. The region’s tourism service system, for which the dam system now
provides an array of additional services, can be included. Reference: Section
1.1.2 (page 5).
6) A physical system such as a watershed has components which manifest
themselves in space and time, whereas a conceptual
system such as a work breakdown structure has no physical manifestations.
It is only a plan for action. Reference: Section 1.2.2 (pages 6-7).
7) A static system such as a highway system may be contrasted with an
airline system, which is a dynamic system.
In the former, structure exists without activity whereas in the latter,
structural components are combined with the activities of aircraft being loaded
and unloaded, aircraft in flight, and controls which govern the entire
operation. Reference: Section 1.2.3 (page 7).
8) A cannon is an example
of a closed system. When a cannon is
fired, a one–to–one correspondence exists between the initial and final states.
However, the defense contractor’s design and manufacturing organization that
produced the cannon and associated projectile is an open system, with a dynamic interaction of system
components. These system components must be reconfigured and adapted to cope
with changing requirements. Reference: Section 1.2.4 (page 8).
9) A watershed is a natural system made up of objects or
components such as land, vegetation, and the watercourse; attributes such as
the soil type, timber species, and the river width; and relationships such as
the distribution of the attributes over the terrain. A chemical processing
plant is a human–made system with
components described in Answer 3 above, attributes such as tank volume and pipe
diameter, and relationships such as the flow rates and the yield of final
product per energy unit utilized. A person with a pacemaker is a human-modified system with components of
body parts and pacemaker parts, attributes such as body mass, diseases,
attitudes, battery, controller, and electrodes, and relationships such as
implantation location, rhythm, and signal strength. Reference: Section 1.1.1
(pages 3-4) and Section 1.2.1 (page 6).
10) The purposes of a chemical processing plant in a market economy are to
produce one or more chemical products and possibly byproducts that can be sold
at a profit while fulfilling obligations to stakeholders and the public. Measures of worth include production
cost per unit volume, product quality, flexibility of product mix, benefits to
stakeholders, and compatibility with society. Reference: Section 1.1 (pages
3-5).
11) During startup the state of a chemical processing plant is
that pipes and vessels are filled to a certain location and empty after that
location; pumps for vessels being filled are running and valves are open while
other pumps are not running and valves are closed. A behavior is that when a vessel is filled, the control system turns
off the pump (in a batch system) or reduces its speed (in a continuous system)
and activates the next step in the process. The process is to start up, achieve the designated operational speed
for each subsystem, continuously monitor the production results and make needed
adjustments, and eventually shut down and clean out. Reference: Section 1.1.1
(pages 3-4).
12) A pump and the tank it
fills have a relationship. The pump
provides the material that the tank needs, while the tank provides a location
where the pump can store the material it needs to deliver. The attributes of the pump must be
engineered so that it can reliably move the material(s) the tank needs at an
adequate rate for any given speed of overall system operation. The attributes of the tank must be
engineered so that it can store the quantities of material the pump must
deliver without corrosion or contamination. Thus the downstream components have
the material they need to fulfill the plant’s production purpose without problems of quality or pollution. Reference:
Section 1.1.1 (pages 3-4).
13) In a computer system,
the power supply and system board have a first-order
relationship because the system board must receive the reduced voltage produced
by the power supply in order to function, and the power supply would be useless
if there were no system board to perform and coordinate the computer functions.
The system board has a second-order
relationship with a math coprocessor, or a video processor, or with video
memory. The system board could perform the functions of these additional
components, but the added components relieve the system board’s workload,
thereby improving its performance. A second power supply or a mirror image hard
disk drive provide redundance,
ensuring that the system board can continue receiving electrical power and the
data storage function, thereby helping to assure continuation of the computer
system function. Reference: Section 1.1.1 (page 4).
14) Human introduction of
plant or animal species into regions where they do not naturally occur can
provide the benefits of those species in the new regions, but the new species
may become excessively dominant in those regions due to lack of natural
enemies, crowding out or harming beneficial native species. Reference: Section
1.2.1 (page 6).
15) The movement of
individual molecules is a random dynamic system property whose aggregate
behavior is influenced by temperature. The microwave signal that electrons emit
when they change energy states is a steady state dynamic system property that
forms the basis for atomic clocks. Reference: Section 1.2.3 (page 7) and
Section 1.2.4 (page 8).
16) A forest reaches
equilibrium. A tree is in equilibrium until it dies, and then it disintegrates.
Reference: Section 1.2.1 (page 6) and Section 1.2.4 (page 8).
17) The government described
is a single system because the branches thereof are functionally related. Refer
to the opening paragraph of Section 1.1 (page 3).
18) Analyzing a company’s
information systems as a system-of-systems can reveal the need for common
databases. Analysis of the individual systems would not reveal this need and
its potential design benefit. Reference: Section 1.2.2 (page 7).
19) Cybernetics may be described and explained by considering the early
mechanical version of a governor to control the revolutions per minute (RPM) of
an engine. Centrifugal force, acting through a weight mechanism on the
flywheel, is used to sense RPM. The outward movement of the weight against a
spring acts through a link to decrease the throttle setting, thus reducing
engine speed. Reference: Section 1.3.1 (page 8).
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