International Politics: Power and Purpose in Global Affairs, 3rd Edition Paul D'Anieri solutions manual and test bank

International Politics: Power and Purpose in Global Affairs, 3rd Edition Paul D'Anieri solutions manual and test bank

CHAPTER 2

The Historical Evolution of International Politics

¨ Learning Objectives

After completing this chapter, you should be able to. . .

1. Describe the major developments in the history of international politics.

2. Understand the evolution of the international system.

3. Explain the significance of the Westphalian system.

4. Interpret the role of colonialism in transforming the international system.

5. Summarize the causes and significance of World War I, World War II, and the Cold War.

6. Identify the major developments of the post-World War II system.

7. Discuss the extent to which the international system is characterized by continuity and change.

¨ SUMMARY OVERVIEW

This chapter summarizes the history of international politics, from the early Greek city-states through the 2008 global economic crisis. Many histories of international politics begin with a discussion of the Greek city-states because they are an early example of what later came to be viewed as a system of independent states.

Today’s modern state system is often called the Westphalian system, after the Treaty of Westphalia, signed in 1648, ending the Thirty Years’ War. The Treaty of Westphalia established a number of principles that still define the system today. First, it recognized the existence of sovereign states. Second, it defined the rights of sovereign states. The main actor in this system is the state, and the key principle is sovereignty. Recognition is also very important in this system, which is also called a state system.

The state system exists in an anarchic world that is characterized by the balance of power, which means that no single state was powerful enough to defeat the others.

In the nineteenth century, Napoleon Bonaparte attempted to expand French influence across Europe and beyond in a series of wars. The Napoleonic wars led to the Concert of Europe where the four powers agreed to work together to preserve the status quo in European politics.

Imperialism and colonialism characterized much of the nineteenth century. The doctrines of nationalism, self-determination, and democracy also had profound effects. Nationalism helped spur a new wave of colonialism in the second half of the nineteenth century.

By the beginning of the twentieth century there was intense competition among the European powers. The decline of the Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman empires had left Europe in a delicate balance between two great alliances—the Triple Alliance and the Triple Entente. This delicate balance was destroyed with the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. World War I began soon after. The Treaty of Versailles ended World War I, and it also created the League of Nations.

Only 21 years later, in 1939, World War II began, and it was even more brutal than World War I. World leaders had attempted to use collective security to prevent another world war, but it failed for a number of reasons, including the U.S. policy of isolationism. Prior to World War II, the British attempted to appease Germany and prevent war at a conference in Munich in 1938. The attempt at appeasement failed, and World War II began with Hitler’s attack on Poland, France, and the United Kingdom.

World War II was followed by the Cold War, a period of intense conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union without any actual “hot” war. During the Cold War, the period of highest tension culminated in the Cuban Missile Crisis. After the crisis, both sides agreed to take steps to reduce the chances of such a crisis in the future.

World War II and the Cold War also demonstrated the importance of international economic collaboration. The Bretton Woods system was created to foster expanded international trade in order to increase prosperity. It was also founded to provide stability in the international financial system, as well as promote economic development.

Decolonization followed World War II as many colonial relationships ended due to weakened colonial powers and the increasing importance of the doctrine of self-determination. Poverty was the major problem in most of these countries.

After World War II, the world also saw an increase in the importance of nonstate actors, including multinational corporations, international organizations, and nongovernmental organizations.

The Cold War ended in 1991, and it was followed by an increased willingness to tackle global problems through international collaboration. This period saw some successes, as nonstate actors took on a more significant role in the world.

The events of September 11, 2001 brought a common purpose and common threat, but there was disagreement over the best means of combating terrorism quickly. New challenges also appeared, like the outbreak of H1N1 influenza, but there were also bright spots, like the expansion of the European Union. Amidst these highs and lows, the global economic crisis of 2008 brought up new questions and arguments about the free market and global economic policy.

¨ Chapter Outline

« Consider the Case China’s History and Future

I. THE BIRTH OF INTERNATIONAL POLITICS

· History of the Peloponnesian War by Athenian General Thucydides

o War was between Greek city-states of Sparta and Athens.

o Thucydides argued that the Peloponnesian War was caused by an imbalance of power between Athens and Sparta.

· Why is Thucydides important?

o Thucydides early theory of international politics is still relevant today.

o States were key actors.

o Balance of power was key factor.

o Thucydides argued that discussions of justice and morality had no place in international politics.

II. From City-States to Nation-States

· Roman Empire

o A single empire dominated international politics.

o The Roman Empire was not an international system.

· Feudal system

o Political power and authority were highly fragmented.

o Political authority was based on personal and religious factors.

o Power was divided among local nobles, kings or emperors, and the Church of Rome.

o Challenges to their political, economic or territorial interests led to clashes.

III. The Westphalian System

· Treaty of Westphalia

o Signed in 1648

o Ended the Thirty Years’ War

Ø Motivated by religious conflict and a contest for political control over Europe

Ø “The last of the religious wars”

· Westphalian System: The system of sovereign states that was recognized by the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648.

A. State Sovereignty

« The Connection to You Where Do We Get Our History?

· Treaty established the existence of sovereign states.

· It defined the rights of sovereign states.

o Sovereignty: Each state had complete authority over its territory.

o No one within a state had the right to challenge the ruler’s power.

o No one outside a territory had the right to say what should go on within that territory—known as the principle of noninterference in the internal affairs of other states.

· Treaty acknowledged pluralism: the number of competing actors and ideas.

o Pluralism meant accepting that Europe would not be a single empire based on a single religion.

· Treaty created Westphalian system.

o The Westphalian system supported a territorially divided Europe with rulers having authority only within their own territory.

o Main actors in the system are states, and the key principle is sovereignty.

o Recognition is important, because political entities that are recognized as sovereign by other sovereign entities have greater legitimacy.

B. The Balance of Power System

· Anarchic system

o Anarchy: A situation in which there is no central ruler or government above the separate actors.

· Little to prevent states from waging war on each other

· Balance of power: No single state was powerful enough to defeat the others kept war limited.

o Nature of the states—monarchies—limited the size of armies where most had no rights to citizenship and weren’t willing to fight.

o Building armies was very expensive.

o Law of war: Based on Christian doctrine also kept war limited.

C. Europe and the Rest of the World

· China

o First millennium BCE, the state was either empire with single dominant leader or pluralistic system.

o Debates occurred over type of system and influenced Taoism and Confucianism doctrines.

o Primarily China has been single state with some variation in territory and state power.

o At times political and cultural influence expanded to areas including Xinjiang, Mongolia, Tibet, Korea, Vietnam, and Japan.

o During other periods, territory was controlled by outsiders like the Mongol emperor Kublai Khan in the thirteenth century CE.

· Middle East and North Africa

o Rise of Islam

o Establishment of Caliphate: unified and governed by Islam

o Some groups, such as North African Berbers and Egyptian Mamluks, broke from Caliphate.

o By 16th century, Ottoman Empire was most powerful authority of the Caliphate.

· Mongols upset three regions.

o China—ended the Song Dynasty

o Middle East—ended the Abbasid Caliphate

o Europe—conquered the nascent Russian state

· India

o Rule based on feudal systems.

o Leaders did not recognize sovereignty of independent entities.

· Explaining Europe’s domination

o Europeans developed superior agricultural, industrial, and, especially military technology.

o Constant warfare among European states in the early modern period strengthened European states.

o Capitalism provided the means and incentive for expansion.

o Christianity provided justification for expansion for the purpose of converting non-Christians.

· Europe designed the “rules of the game” for the international system.

« The Policy Connection Explaining the Rise of Europe and Learning Lessons from It

D. Napoleon and National Warfare

· Nationalism and democracy made Napoleon’s rise possible.

o Nationalism: Doctrine that “nations” are and should be a basic unit of politics.

o National self-determination: The idea that each state should consist of a single nation and each distinct nation should have its own state.

o Democracy: Doctrine that the entire population of a nation, rather than a small elite or single monarch, should control the government.

· Napoleon Bonaparte

o Napoleon came to power in 1799.

o He sought to expand French influence across Europe and beyond.

o He Instituted draft: levee en masse.

o By 1812, he conquered Austria and Prussia.

o Napoleon, however, failed to conquer Russia.

o Changed warfare

Ø Small professional European armies now obsolete.

Ø Warfare was democratized.

Ø Massive increase in the size of armies, scale of combat, and number of casualties

E. The Concert of Europe

· 1815 Congress of Vienna created Concert of Europe agreement.

· It was the predecessor of the League of Nations and United Nations.

· Austria, Prussia, Britain, and Russia agreed to work together to preserve the status quo in European politics.

· The Concert of Europe marks the first attempt to put into practice the emerging liberal approach to international affairs.

· There is considerable disagreement over the success of the Concert of Europe.

IV. Nationalism and Imperialism

· Rise of nationalism and imperialism in nineteenth-century Europe

o Imperialism: A situation in which one country controls another country or territory.

o Nationalism led to a redrawing of the map of Europe.

Ø State boundaries should match up with ethnic, linguistic, or national boundaries.

Ø Smaller states (Italy, Germany) should be combined into larger, homogenous states.

Ø Multinational states (Russia, Austro-Hungarian Empire) should break up into smaller parts.

o Decolonization in the Americas

Ø Caribbean and Latin America were colonized first.

Ø Haiti toppled slavery, declared independence from France in 1804, and wrote a democratic constitution.

Ø South America’s independence movements followed from 1810 to 1825, led by Simon Bolivar and Jose de San Martin.

Ø Mexico’s war of independence (1819–1820) was successful.

Ø Brazil broke from Portugal in 1822.

Ø Canadian Confederation became autonomous from Britain in 1867.

o Nineteenth-century colonialism: Direct vs. indirect control

« The Geography Connection Shifting Borders, Changing Politics: Europe in 1815 and 1914

V. The Road to World War I

· Erosion of the Ottoman Empire and the Austro-Hungarian Empire

o Russia sought to gain control of the Ottoman capital (Istanbul); Germany tried to prevent this.

o France feared Germany and saw Russia as a potential ally.

o Great Britain was the most powerful military and economic player and saw Germany as a threat.

· World War I, Major Players (Table 2.1)

o The Triple Alliance Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, Italy (until 1915)

o The Triple Entente Powers: Great Britain, France, Russia, Italy (after 1915), United States (after 1917)

· Spark provided by Serbian nationalists who assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to Austro-Hungarian throne

o Dispute between Austria and Serbia led to world war between the great powers.

o Many wondered why war could not have been avoided.

· Why didn’t the war end quickly?

o Weapons were made on a vastly larger scale.

o New technologies made it easier to defend territory than attack it.

· 1917 stalemate when United States intervened, and war ended on November 1918

o Four major empires collapsed.

o Communists in power in Russia

o Fundamental shift in global power

o Demonstrated and contributed to the rise of U.S. power

· Treaty of Versailles

o Created the League of Nations

o Redrew Germany’s boundaries

o Required Germany to pay substantial “reparations”

o Placed limits on Germany’s ability to rearm

o Established several countries: Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Poland, and the Baltic states

VI. The Road to World War II

· World War II, the Major Players (Table 2.2)

o Axis Powers: Germany, Italy, Japan

o Allied Powers: France, Great Britain, Soviet Union, and the United States

A. Collective Security and Economic Nationalism

· Collective security: Where all states agree that if any state initiated a war, all others would come to the defense of the state under attack.

· It relied on the promise that any aggression would be countered by attacks from all other states, but after World War I, almost every state was determined to avoid another war, including the United States which sought to return to isolationism.

o All failed to act in the early 1930s when clear acts of aggression were occurring.

o After Japan’s 1931 invasion of Manchuria, territory claimed by China, League of Nations only demanded that Japan withdraw.

o 1938 Munich Crisis: appeasement of Germany to avoid war

· Divide and conquer strategy

o The United States, France and Britain wanted Germany to attack Russia, with whom they had hostile relations.

o Soviet Union signed peace treaty with Germany in 1939.

o United States joined war in 1941 after Germany declared war.

B. Economic Roots of World War II

· Economic depression in 1930s

o Economies collapsed worldwide.

o States tried to increase barriers in order to keep more jobs at home.

o World trade collapsed and all economies became less efficient.

· No effective international collaboration to maintain trade under the stress of the Great Depression because the U.S. government declined to take up Britain’s leadership role

· Germany after World War I

o New and unstable democracy

o Financial burden of reparations undermined German economy.

o Fertile ground for a fascist such as Hitler to come to power

o First elected as Chancellor of Germany

· Fascism

o Took nationalism to a militant extreme

o Saw strengthening of the nation as the most important political goal

o Rights or goals of individuals are subservient to those of the nation

o Ultimate expression in the Holocaust

· Japan

o Striving to catch up to other powers

o Japanese imperialism in Korea and China was seen as a threat by the United States, France, and Britain.

o United States used embargo on Japan to weaken them.

o December 1941 Japan bombed the U.S. Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor.

· Two lessons were learned from World War II.

o Cause of war was intense nationalism and lack of democracy in Germany, Italy, and Japan.

o Democracy is key to peace.

o A strong global economy is key, because democracies are under threat in poor economies.

o Expansionist powers must be confronted.

o Nuclear weapons changed war and how we think about war.

« The History Connection The Uses and Abuses of History in Foreign Policy

VII. The Cold War

· The Cold War

o United States and Soviet Union replaced the traditional European, Germany, France, Britain, and Italy.

o United States and Soviet Union mistrusted each other.

o The Cold War lasted from 1946 to 1991 with no actual hot war.

o Berlin

Ø Series of crises over the status of Berlin

Ø Surrounded by communist East Germany

Ø Under joint control by the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, France, and the United States

Ø United States and allies maintained any attack on Berlin would lead to general war.

o “Nuclear arms race” defines the Cold War.

A. The Cuban Missile Crisis

· 1962; Soviet Union began to install missiles in Cuba.

· U.S. threatened military retaliation and blockaded Cuba.

· Soviets withdrew missiles in return for concessions by the United States.

· Period of greatest danger in the Cold War

o Frightened both sides into taking steps to reduce the chances of such a crisis in the future, like installing a “hotline” and signing a major arms control agreement

o Showed that the chance that either side could win a nuclear war—Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD)—was greatly diminished.

B. The Global Economy

· World War II showed that states needed to work together to prevent global economic crises.

· United States realized that isolationism had failed.

· Institutions of international collaboration were needed—the Bretton Woods system.

o Goal of the system was to foster expanded international trade in order to increase prosperity through the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) which in 1995 became the World Trade Organization (WTO).

Ø Tariff: A tax on imports, used to protect domestic producers from foreign competition.

o Goal was also to provide stability in the international financial system.

Ø International currency system was developed based on the U.S. dollar linked to the value of gold.

Ø System was managed by the International Monetary Fund (IMF).

Ø International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) or World Bank was found to promote postwar reconstruction of Europe.

o Membership in the Bretton Woods system was limited.

Ø Soviet Union and its allies chose not to participate.

Ø Most poor countries didn’t meet the requirements.

Ø Created three groups of countries

³ First world: the United States and the Bretton Woods system

³ Second World: the Soviet Union and other communist countries

³ Third World: Developing states

Ø Eventually, the second world collapsed with communism, and today there are two groups: those who are members of the WTO and those who are not.

VIII. Decolonization, Development, and Underdevelopment

· Decolonization from 1945 until 1975: Why?

o Major colonial powers were weakened by World War II.

o Stronger independence movements

o United States disapproval of colonialism

· Why was the United States against colonialism?

o Believed that the battle with the Soviet Union would be global in scope

o Wanted to gain friends and allies among the poor countries of the world

o Wanted loyalty of new states

Ø Used financial aid to get loyalty

Ø Used military aid to get loyalty; ex. Vietnam

· Proxy wars

o Superpowers in the Cold War avoided direct combat with each other, used “proxies” instead

o Vietnam War, Korean War, 1973 Arab-Israeli War, Ogaden War, Soviet-Afghan War

· Africa and Asia

o Did not revert to precolonial territorial and political arrangements

o New states were formed with new borders and recognized by UN.

o Many of these new states included multiple ethnic, linguistic, and national groups.

· Newly decolonized or “Third World” states

o Rejected the idea that they should choose sides in the Cold War

o More interested in economic development

o Non-aligned movement was eventually created by these countries.

o Poverty was the biggest problem; independence has helped some of these states, but not others.

o Oil-producing countries came together in Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) to force higher global oil prices.

IX. The World Today

A. The Rise of Nonstate Actors

· Nonstate actor: A political actor that is not a state, such as an advocacy group, charity corporation, or terrorist group.

· Multinational Corporation (MNC): A company with operations in more than one country.

· International Organizations (IOs): Organizations formed by governments to help them pursue collaborative activity; UN, World Bank, IMF.

· Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs): International advocacy groups.

· European Union

o 27 members today

o Increasing political authority to common decision-making bodies

B. The End of the Cold War

· The collapse of the Berlin Wall was the symbolic end to the Cold War.

 

CHAPTER 2: The Historical Evolution of International Politics

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. In the sixteenth century, which country founded a colony called Macao in China?

a.	Portugal
b.	England
c.	France
d.	Russia

ANS: A REF: 26 NOT: Factual

2. During which declining Chinese dynasty did Western powers begin to exploit China?

a.	Ming
b.	Qing
c.	Zhou
d.	Shang

ANS: B REF: 26 NOT: Factual

3. In which way does history influence present-day international affairs?

a.	It helps shape understanding of the purpose of policies.
b.	It provides much of the evidence used to evaluate hypotheses.
c.	It helps us understand the roots of contemporary problems.
d.	All of the above are true.

ANS: D REF: 27 NOT: Conceptual

4. The great study of international politics, the History of the Peloponnesian War, was written by a Greek general named

a.	Sparta.
b.	Pericles.
c.	Aristotle.
d.	Thucydides.

ANS: D REF: 27 NOT: Factual

5. The Peloponnesian War was fought between the two Greek city-states of

a.	Sparta and Athens.
b.	Baghdad and Sparta.
c.	Athens and Istanbul.
d.	Constantinople and Thebes.

ANS: A REF: 28 NOT: Factual

6. Thucydides posited a theory of international politics that stated

a.	morality drives the ambitions of states.
b.	great men determine the shape of history through their personal charisma or genius.
c.	states are the key actors and the distribution of power a key factor.
d.	balance of power among states provides the least stable system of politics.

ANS: C REF: 28 NOT: Applied

7. The explanation of the Peloponnesian war by Thucydides is still important today because of the role of

a.	money.
b.	power.
c.	morality.
d.	population.

ANS: B REF: 28 NOT: Applied

8. The feudal system in Europe was different from the Roman Empire because

a.	there were many overlapping political authorities under feudalism and only a single government under the Roman Empire.
b.	the political authorities during the feudal period were not Christian.
c.	the feudal system was capitalist while the Roman Empire was socialist.
d.	citizenship was limited to Romans.

ANS: A REF: 29 NOT: Applied

9. In 1648, European countries signed the Treaty of Westphalia that

a.	united Christian and Muslim countries.
b.	ended the Thirty Years’ War.
c.	created a free trade alliance.
d.	brought back the Roman Empire.

ANS: B REF: 29 NOT: Factual

10. The conflict over religion that sprang from the Protestant Reformation was called the

a.	Peloponnesian War.
b.	European Civil War.
c.	War of the Roses.
d.	Thirty Years’ War.

ANS: D REF: 29 NOT: Factual

11. The Treaty of Westphalia is important because it

a.	laid the foundation of the Cold War.
b.	united Eastern and Western Europe.
c.	recognized the existence of sovereign states.
d.	promoted human rights.

ANS: C REF: 29 NOT: Conceptual

12. Sovereignty means that

a.	each state has complete authority over its territory.
b.	the Roman Empire had control over Europe.
c.	all states are different in terms of power.
d.	a single empire has potential control over several states.

ANS: A REF: 31 NOT: Conceptual

13. Following the Treaty of Westphalia, the main actors in the international system are

a.	religious organizations.
b.	states.
c.	international organizations.
d.	European kings and queens.

ANS: B REF: 32 NOT: Applied

14. In international politics, when sovereign states are recognized by other sovereign states, they have a greater chance of

a.	surviving.
b.	being powerful.
c.	being democratic.
d.	going to war.

ANS: A REF: 32 NOT: Applied

15. Anarchy is central to understanding international politics. It refers to

a.	chaos in the world.
b.	the creation of order in Europe.
c.	a situation in which there is no central government.
d.	the expansion of democratic rule.

ANS: C REF: 32 NOT: Conceptual

16. A balance of power means that

a.	no more than two countries are equal in power.
b.	more than six countries have equal power.
c.	one state has more power than all the others.
d.	no one state is sufficiently powerful to defeat the others.

ANS: D REF: 32 NOT: Conceptual

17. The sovereign state system created by the Treaty of Westphalia established all of the following except

a.	the main actors in the system are states.
b.	governments have complete authority within their territories.
c.	there is no higher authority than the state.
d.	Catholicism was decreed the one true religion.

ANS: D REF: 32 NOT: Applied

18. Why did anarchy result from the Westphalian system?

a.	Sovereignty meant that no higher power could tell states what to do, so there was no one to prevent states from attacking one another.
b.	The Westphalian system destroyed the concept of states and left the world in chaos.
c.	The Westphalian system should have created an international organization to promote international peace.
d.	None of the above is true.

ANS: A REF: 32 NOT: Conceptual

19. From the end of the Thirty Years’ War until the early 1800s, most states were

a.	democratic, with constitutional monarchies the rule rather than the exception.
b.	undemocratic monarchies.
c.	parliamentary systems of rule with limited monarchs.
d.	communist dictatorships of varying types.

ANS: B REF: 32 | 33 NOT: Conceptual

20. During the first millennium BCE, China

a.	did not have a consistent government, and there were many debates. Since that time the borders and the strength of the state have also varied, at times controlled by outsiders.
b.	was controlled by a monarchy. Over time, the country showed a consistent increase in strength and size.
c.	expanded its cultural influence on the region, and it was never controlled by outsiders.
d.	was always controlled by outsiders.

ANS: A REF: 33 NOT: Applied

21. Mongol emperor Kublai Khan conquered China in the

a.	fourteenth century CE.
b.	fifteenth century CE.
c.	thirteenth century CE.
d.	sixteenth century CE.

ANS: C REF: 33 NOT: Factual

22. By the middle of the 1500s, the authority of the Caliphate was claimed by

a.	the Seljuk Turks.
b.	the Berbers in North Africa.
c.	Rome.
d.	the Ottoman Empire.

ANS: D REF: 33 NOT: Factual

23. Which of the following social scientists attributed Europe’s economic success to its Protestant Christian values?

a.	Huldrych Zwingli
b.	Martin Luther
c.	Max Weber
d.	Jared Diamond

ANS: C REF: 34 NOT: Applied

24. European countries were successful in dominating the rest of the world for all the following factors except

a.	development of superior technology.
b.	capitalism providing the means for expansion.
c.	Christianity offering an ideology that justified expansion.
d.	English emerging as the dominant language.

ANS: D REF: 35 NOT: Applied

25. Nationalism is the doctrine that means

a.	large groups of people perceive themselves to be fundamentally similar to each other and distinct from other groups.
b.	an intense dislike or fear of foreign people and their customs.
c.	a feeling of pride as a country.
d.	acceptance of different world views.

ANS: A REF: 35 NOT: Conceptual

26. National self-determination is a concept closely related to

a.	fascism.
b.	socialism.
c.	nationalism.
d.	authoritarianism.

ANS: C REF: 35 NOT: Applied

27. Which two developments in European politics made possible Napoleon’s rise in the late eighteenth century?

a.	Republicanism and rationalism
b.	Enlightenment and education
c.	Democracy and emancipation
d.	Nationalism and democracy

ANS: D REF: 35 NOT: Conceptual

28. One of the significant changes Napoleon initiated in warfare was

a.	mobilizing the entire population behind his war effort.
b.	developing a small professional army.
c.	conscripting citizens of defeated states into his army.
d.	separating political and military power in government.

ANS: A REF: 35 | 36 NOT: Applied

29. The Concert of Europe was established following

a.	World War I.
b.	the Civil War.
c.	The American Revolutionary War.
d.	the Congress of Vienna.

ANS: D REF: 36 NOT: Factual

30. Which of the following was not a cause of Napoleon’s defeat?

a.	The frigid winters in Russia
b.	The use of nationalism to mobilize populations
c.	The effective use of new weapons of war
d.	His enemies adopted Napoleon’s strategies

ANS: C REF: 36 NOT: Applied

31. According to the textbook, during the Concert of Europe period

a.	wars occurred often.
b.	wars were considered illegal.
c.	only a few limited wars occurred.
d.	World War I was the only major war.

ANS: C REF: 37 NOT: Applied

32. A situation in which one country controls another country or territory is called

a.	imperialism.
b.	satrapy.
c.	tutelage.
d.	domination.

ANS: A REF: 37 NOT: Conceptual

33. The nineteenth century is known for the rise of what two related phenomena?

a.	War and capitalism
b.	Nationalism and imperialism
c.	Nationalism and capitalism
d.	Imperialism and World War I

ANS: B REF: 37 NOT: Applied

34. Which of the following was an example of a multinational empire in Europe?

a.	Russian Empire
b.	American Empire
c.	German Empire
d.	Japanese Empire

ANS: A REF: 39 NOT: Factual

35. In multinational empires in the nineteenth century, nationalism

a.	resulted in a dominant language.
b.	evolved into a xenophobic ideology.
c.	increased the industrial capacity of the state.
d.	created pressure to break larger states into smaller ones.

ANS: D REF: 39 NOT: Applied

36. A major goal of colonialism was

a.	embracing local culture and customs.
b.	establishing world dominance.
c.	exploiting the local economy to benefit the colonizers.
d.	eradicating all traces of local culture and customs.

ANS: C REF: 40 NOT: Conceptual

37. The intense competition among European powers at the beginning of the twentieth century manifested in all of the following ways except

a.	the colonization of the southern hemisphere.
b.	a naval arms race.
c.	a desire by each power to tilt the balance of power in its own favor.
d.	stepped up programs to develop nuclear weaponry.

ANS: D REF: 40 | 41 NOT: Applied

38. The Triple Alliance was a pact among three countries, pledging to help the other in case of attack. These countries were

a.	Britain, France, and Russia.
b.	the U.S., Canada, and Britain.
c.	Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy.
d.	Lithuania, Estonia, and Latvia.

ANS: C REF: 41 NOT: Factual

39. At the start of World War I, Britain, France, and Russia belonged to the

a.	Triple Entente.
b.	United Nations.
c.	World Trade Organization.
d.	Triple Alliance.

ANS: A REF: 41 NOT: Factual

40. The spark that ignited World War I was

a.	the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand in Sarajevo.
b.	Germany’s invasion of Poland.
c.	the British naval blockade in the Atlantic.
d.	the storming of the French Bastille.

ANS: A REF: 41 NOT: Factual

41. Prior to the First World War, which declining empire controlled the Balkans?

a.	the Austro-Hungarian empire
b.	the Ottoman empire
c.	the Russian empire
d.	the French empire

ANS: B REF: 41 NOT: Factual

42. Which of the following countries stood to gain the most from the disintegration of the Ottoman empire prior to World War I?

a.	Russia
b.	Great Britain
c.	Austria-Hungary
d.	Germany

ANS: A REF: 41 NOT: Factual

43. The Triple Alliance consisted of

a.	Britain, France, and Russia.
b.	Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy.
c.	United States, Canada, and Italy.
d.	Russia, Germany, and Italy.

ANS: B REF: 41 NOT: Factual

44. The Triple Entente consisted of

a.	Britain, France, and Russia.
b.	Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy.
c.	Britain, France, and the United States.
d.	Germany, China, and France.

ANS: A REF: 41 NOT: Factual

45. At the beginning of the twentieth century, what most powerful country was most threatened by the rapid rise of Germany?

a.	Russia
b.	Italy
c.	France
d.	Great Britain

ANS: D REF: 41 NOT: Factual

46. The United States entered World War I at the

a.	beginning of the conflict.
b.	middle of the conflict.
c.	end of the conflict.
d.	request of Kaiser Wilhelm.

ANS: C REF: 42 NOT: Applied

47. What was the name of the treaty that ended World War I?

a.	Treaty of Westphalia
b.	Treaty of Versailles
c.	Treaty of Maastricht
d.	Treaty of Paris

ANS: B REF: 42 NOT: Factual

48. The result of World War I was a shift in global power toward

a.	England.
b.	France.
c.	international organizations.
d.	the United States.

ANS: D REF: 42 NOT: Applied

49. Which of the following weapons technologies was not developed in the run up to World War I?

a.	Biological weapons
b.	Barbed wire
c.	Poison gas
d.	Machine guns

ANS: A REF: 42 NOT: Factual

50. Provisions in the Treaty of Versailles called for all of the following, except

a.	the creation of the League of Nations.
b.	the enforcement of reparations payments against Germany.
c.	the specification of limits on Germany’s ability to rearm.
d.	the creation of the International Court of Justice.

ANS: D REF: 42 NOT: Applied

51. Avoiding punishing either Japan for invading Manchuria or Italy’s invasion of Ethiopia demonstrated the weakness of which policy?

a.	Collective security
b.	Isolationism
c.	Nuclear deterrence
d.	Peacekeeping

ANS: A REF: 43 NOT: Applied

52. British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain advocated a strategy of avoiding war by acceding to the demands of Germany. This strategy is called

a.	deliberation.
b.	isolationism.
c.	appeasement.
d.	collective security.

ANS: C REF: 43 NOT: Conceptual

53. In World War II, the Allied Powers included

a.	France, Britain, Soviet Union, and the United States.
b.	Germany, Italy, and Japan.
c.	Brazil, Argentina, and Chile.
d.	the European Union and the United States.

ANS: A REF: 43 NOT: Factual

54. Leaders after World War I sought to prevent future wars through

a.	collective security.
b.	national building.
c.	financial reparations.
d.	appeasement.

ANS: A REF: 43 NOT: Conceptual

55. The idea of collective security failed because of all of the following except

a.	European fatigue with war following World War I.
b.	isolationism.
c.	the hope that others would deal with German expansion.
d.	disintegration of the British Empire.

ANS: D REF: 43 NOT: Applied

56. The doctrine of fascism sees as its goal the

a.	subservience of the individual to the state.
b.	establishment of a liberal civil society.
c.	creation of commitments with international organizations.
d.	development of democratic institutions.

ANS: A REF: 44 NOT: Conceptual

57. Fascism was a political ideology most closely associated with

a.	Russia and China.
b.	the United States and France.
c.	Italy and Germany.
d.	Hungary and Poland.

ANS: C REF: 44 NOT: Factual

58. Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany

a.	after democratic elections confirmed him as Chancellor.
b.	as a result of a coup d’état launched in Munich.
c.	with the support of appeasement minded Western leaders.
d.	after the assassination of the German President, von Hindenburg.

ANS: A REF: 44 NOT: Factual

59. Fascism as developed in Italy and Germany

a.	supported the strengthening of the nation as the major political goal.
b.	viewed the nation as a single organism.
c.	justified political authoritarianism and economic centralization.
d.	All of the above are true.

ANS: D REF: 44 NOT: Conceptual

60. The United States dropped nuclear weapons on which cities?

a.	Berlin and Stuttgart
b.	Rome and Naples
c.	Hiroshima and Nagasaki
d.	Moscow and Khabarovsk

ANS: C REF: 45 NOT: Factual

61. The Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union lasted between what years?

a.	1941–1945
b.	1946–1991
c.	1955–1965
d.	1981–1991

ANS: B REF: 47 NOT: Factual

62. According to the textbook, which event during the Cold War created the greatest danger for the United States?

a.	Berlin airlift
b.	Great Depression
c.	Cuban Missile Crisis
d.	Vietnam War

ANS: C REF: 47 NOT: Applied

63. Mutual assured destruction (MAD) refers to which situation?

a.	Suicide terrorists with means to destroy others
b.	The inability of either side to win a nuclear war, even if one side wages a successful surprise attack
c.	The possibility of conflict between smaller countries in the developing world
d.	The Iraq War

ANS: B REF: 47 NOT: Conceptual

64. Which two countries were considered superpowers during the Cold War?

a.	France and England
b.	China and the Soviet Union
c.	The United States and the Soviet Union
d.	The United States and Germany

ANS: C REF: 47 NOT: Factual

65. One measure taken immediately after the conclusion of the Cuban Missile Crisis was

a.	the negotiation of the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT).
b.	the installation of a hotline enabling immediate communication between Moscow and Washington.
c.	the lifting of the blockade of Berlin.
d.	the founding of the International Atomic Energy Agency.

ANS: B REF: 47 NOT: Applied

66. A new system of post-World War II international economic stability and coordination came from which agreement?

a.	Bretton Woods agreement
b.	Treaty of Versailles
c.	European Union treaty
d.	Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty

ANS: A REF: 48 NOT: Applied

67. One of the central goals of the Bretton Woods system was to

a.	end the Cold War.
b.	stabilize the proliferation of nuclear weapons.
c.	provide for expanded international trade.
d.	establish mutual assured destruction pacts.

ANS: C REF: 48 NOT: Applied

68. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was the precursor to the

a.	World Trade Organization (WTO).
b.	European Union (EU).
c.	North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).
d.	International Monetary Fund (IMF).

ANS: A REF: 48 NOT: Factual

69. The Vietnam War was waged, in part, because the United States

a.	thought Japan would intercede on behalf of the Vietnamese.
b.	feared Vietnam would join China in the procommunist camp.
c.	assumed Vietnam would have access to nuclear weapons.
d.	suffered an attack on its embassy by the Vietnamese.

ANS: B REF: 50 NOT: Applied

70. In the Cold War, proxies were

a.	government leaders who acted in consort with other leaders.
b.	used by the superpowers to wage war through their allies.
c.	a type of nuclear weapon developed by the United States.
d.	important diplomats from many countries.

ANS: B REF: 50 NOT: Conceptual

71. Which of the following was not a repercussion of the Vietnam War?

a.	Encouragement of nationalistic movements against superpowers
b.	Supporting communist ideologies of the Soviet
c.	Undermining the consensus that the United States was always a force for good in the world
d.	Establishing the belief that United Nations intervention could prevent war

ANS: D REF: 50 NOT: Applied

72. In 1955, many African and Asian nations met to create an agenda that was to avoid taking sides in the Cold War. This agreement was called the

a.	World Trade Organization.
b.	Non-Aligned Movement.
c.	North Atlantic Treaty Organization.
d.	Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries.

ANS: B REF: 50 NOT: Applied

73. What were the consequences of the Vietnam War outside of Southeast Asia?

a.	It showed that the United States could be defeated, and this encouraged others to challenge the United States.
b.	It made the Soviet Union feel that they could successfully create communist states in the developing world.
c.	It made many in Western Europe and the United States question whether the United States was as altruistic as many had formerly believed.
d.	All of the above are true.

ANS: D REF: 50 NOT: Applied

74. Vietnam was seeking independence from

a.	France.
b.	China.
c.	Japan.
d.	the United States.

ANS: A REF: 50 NOT: Factual

75. What major problem do most third world countries share?

a.	Poverty
b.	Homogenous populations
c.	Limited population growth
d.	Large amounts of arable land

ANS: A REF: 51 NOT: Applied

76. A company with business operations in more than one country is called a(n)

a.	non-governmental organization.
b.	international conglomerate.
c.	multinational corporation.
d.	global enterprise.

ANS: C REF: 51 NOT: Conceptual

77. The World Bank is considered which type of nonstate actor?

a.	Multinational corporation
b.	European Union member
c.	International organization
d.	International advocacy group

ANS: C REF: 51 NOT: Conceptual

78. According to the text, the European Union consists of how many members?

a.	15
b.	27
c.	6
d.	45

ANS: B REF: 51 NOT: Factual

79. The “new international economic order” proposed to

a.	allow the World Bank to determine unfair trade barriers.
b.	establish gold as the international medium of exchange.
c.	permit developing countries to set high tariffs on goods from developed countries.
d.	use international trade to distribute power and wealth from rich countries to poor ones.

ANS: D REF: 51 NOT: Conceptual

80. Which of the following are nonstate actors?

a.	Sony, Apple, and Microsoft
b.	The European Union
c.	The World Bank and the International Monetary Fund
d.	All of the above are true.

ANS: D REF: 51 | 56 NOT: Conceptual

81. The fall of the Berlin Wall, which occurred in _________ ushered in the end of the Cold War.

a.	1989
b.	1961
c.	1991
d.	1995

ANS: A REF: 52 | 53 NOT: Factual

82. The collapse of communism led to

a.	a new wave of democratization that was characterized by many successful transitions to democracy and very few failures.
b.	a new wave of democratization that led to some successful transitions to democracy and other less than successful transitions that ended in authoritarian regimes.
c.	the end of conflict as many had anticipated.
d.	increased terrorism around the world.

ANS: B REF: 53 NOT: Applied

83. After the Cold War, nationalism led to the fragmentation of the following three states in Europe.

a.	Soviet Union, Yugoslavia, and Czechoslovakia
b.	Ukraine, Romania, and Poland
c.	Russia, Romania, and Germany
d.	Spain, Russia, and France

ANS: A REF: 53 NOT: Factual

84. The 2009 H1N1 influenza outbreak reportedly originated in which of the following countries?

a.	Singapore
b.	Hong Kong
c.	Mexico
d.	Guyana

ANS: C REF: 54 NOT: Factual

ESSAY

1. Describe the Westphalian system and explain its importance in terms of modern international politics.

ANS:

Answers may vary.

2. In what way did World War II cause a fundamental shift in global power? What was the effect of the war on the rise of U.S. power?

ANS:

Answers may vary.

3. Discuss and explain the evolution of the Cold War. How did the Cold War affect international politics?

ANS:

Answers may vary.

4. Third World countries consist of many kinds of nations. What are some similarities and differences among these countries?

ANS:

Answers may vary.

5. How has sovereignty changed since the end of the Cold War? What is the impact of this change on nonstate actors?

ANS:

Answers may vary.

6. While the modern state system was emerging in Europe, what was happening in the rest of the world?

ANS:

Answers may vary.

7. What are the various factors that led to decolonization? What was the U.S. position on decolonization?

ANS:

Answers may vary.

8. Compare and contrast the major theories explaining how European countries were able to dominate the rest of the world?

ANS:

Answers may vary.

9. What are the major underlying and proximate causes of the outbreak of war in Europe in the early twentieth century?

ANS:

Answers may vary.

10. What adverse effects for China resulted from Western contact in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries? What are the primary reasons for the rise of China in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries?

ANS:

Answers may vary.