Cornerstones of Cost Management, 3rd Edition solutions manual and test bank by Don R. Hansen | Maryanne M. Mowen
CHAPTER 2
BASIC COST MANAGEMENT CONCEPTS
Discussion Questions
1. An accounting information system is a system consisting of interrelated manual and computer parts, using processes such as collecting, recording, classifying, summarizing, analyzing, and managing data to provide output information to users.
2. The financial accounting information system is primarily concerned with producing outputs for external users using well-specified economic events as inputs and processes that meet certain rules. The cost management system, on the other hand, produces outputs for internal users, and the criteria that govern inputs and processes are directly related to management objectives. As a result, the cost management system is more flexible than the financial system.
3. The three broad objectives of a cost management information system are: (1) to cost out products, services, and other cost objects; (2) to provide information for planning and control; and (3) to provide information for decision making.
4. The cost accounting information system is a cost management subsystem designed to assign costs to products, services, and other objects as management needs specify. The operational control information system is a cost management information subsystem designed to provide accurate and timely feedback concerning the performance of managers and others relative to their planning and control of activities.
5. A cost object is anything for which costs are measured and assigned. Examples include: activities, products, plants, and projects.
6. An activity is a basic unit of work performed within an organization. Examples include materials handling, inspection, purchasing, billing, and maintenance.
7. A direct cost is a cost that can be easily and accurately traced to a cost object. An indirect cost is a cost that cannot be easily and accurately traced to cost objects.
8. Traceability is the ability to assign a cost directly to a cost object in an economically feasible way using physical observation or a causal relationship.
9. Allocation is the assignment of indirect costs to cost objects based on convenience or assumed linkages.
10. Driver tracing uses drivers based on a causal relationship to trace costs to cost objects. Often, this means that costs are first traced to activities using resource drivers and then to cost objects using activity drivers.
11. Tangible products are goods that are made by converting raw materials into a final product through the use of labor and capital inputs.
12. A service is a task or activity performed for a customer or an activity performed by a customer using an organization’s products or facilities. Services differ from tangible products on three important dimensions: intangibility, perishability, and inseparability. Intangibility means that buyers of services cannot see, feel, taste, or hear a service before it is bought. Perishability means that services cannot be stored. Inseparability means that producers of services and buyers of services must be in direct contact (not true for tangible products).
13. Three examples of product cost definitions are value-chain, operating, and traditional definitions. The value-chain definition includes cost assignments for research and development, production, marketing, and customer service (all value-chain activities). Operational product costs include all costs except for research and development. Traditional product costs include only production costs. Different costs are needed because they serve different managerial objectives.
14. The three cost elements are direct materials, direct labor, and overhead.
15. The income statement for a service firm does not need a supporting cost of goods manufactured schedule. Since services cannot be stored, the cost of services produced equals the cost of services sold (not necessarily true for a manufacturing firm).
Cornerstone Exercises
Cornerstone Exercise 2.1
1. Unit prime cost
= (Direct materials + Direct labor)/Units
= ($120,000 + $60,000)/50,000
= $3.60
2. Unit conversion cost
= (Direct labor + Variable overhead + Fixed overhead)/Units
= ($60,000 + $25,000 + $220,000)/50,000
= $6.10
3. Unit variable product cost
= (Direct materials + Direct labor + Variable overhead)/Units
= ($120,000 + $60,000 + $25,000)/50,000
= $4.10
4. Unit product cost
= (Direct materials + Direct labor + Variable overhead + Fixed overhead)/Units
= ($120,000 + $60,000 + $25,000 + $220,000)/50,000
= $8.50
5. Total direct materials, total direct labor, and total variable overhead would all increase by 10 percent since the units increased by 10 percent and these are strictly variable costs. Total fixed overhead would remain the same. Unit prime cost would increase by 10 percent since both direct materials and direct labor are strictly variable, and 10 percent more units would require 10 percent more variable cost. However, unit conversion cost would increase by less than 10 percent because of the presence of fixed costs.
New unit product cost
= [($120,000 + $60,000 + $25,000)(1.10) + $220,000)]/55,000
= $8.10
Cornerstone Exercise 2.2
1. Pietro Frozen Foods, Inc.
Statement of Cost of Goods Manufactured
For the Coming Year
Direct materials
Beginning inventory............................................... $ 5,600
Add: Purchases...................................................... 119,300
Materials available.................................................. $ 124,900
Less: Ending inventory........................................... 4,900
Direct materials used in production............................. $ 120,000
Direct labor.................................................................. 60,000
Manufacturing (Factory) overhead.............................. 245,000
Total manufacturing costs added................................ $ 425,000
Add: Beginning work in process.................................. 12,500
Less: Ending work in process..................................... 14,600
Cost of goods manufactured....................................... $ 422,900
2. If the ending inventory of direct materials were $2,000 higher, then the direct materials used in production would be $2,000 smaller, the total manufacturing costs added would be $2,000 lower, and the cost of goods manufactured would be $2,000 lower. No other line items would be affected.
Cornerstone Exercise 2.3
1. Pietro Manufacturing, Inc.
Statement of Cost of Goods Sold
For the Coming Year
Cost of goods manufactured........................................................... $422,900
Add: Beginning finished goods........................................................ 42,500
Cost of goods available for sale...................................................... $465,400
Less: Ending finished goods........................................................... 34,000
Cost of goods sold.......................................................................... $431,400
2. If beginning finished goods were $5,000 lower, then the cost of goods sold would be $5,000 lower.
Cornerstone Exercise 2.4
Pietro Manufacturing, Inc.
Income Statement
For the Coming Year
Percent
Sales ($12.50 × 49,300)............................ $ 616,250 100.00
Cost of goods sold.................................. 431,400 70.00
Gross margin........................................... $ 184,850 30.00
Less operating expenses:
Selling expenses................................. $ 26,000
Administrative expenses..................... 134,000 160,000 25.96
Operating income.................................... $ 24,850 4.03
2. If the cost of goods sold has been 65 percent of sales for the past few years, managers would probably be concerned. Cost of goods sold has risen by 5%, and profit has probably declined. Managers should investigate to see why the increase occurred, and take steps to decrease product costs or increase price, if possible, in the coming year.
Cornerstone Exercise 2.5
1. Unit prime cost
= (Direct materials + Direct labor)/Units
= ($27,000 + $472,500)/15,000
= $33.30
2. Unit conversion cost
= (Direct labor + Variable overhead + Fixed overhead)/Units
= ($472,500 + $15,000 + $18,000)/15,000
= $33.70
3. Unit variable services production cost
= (Direct materials + Direct labor + Variable overhead)/Units
= ($27,000 + $472,500 + $15,000)/15,000
= $34.30
4. Unit services production cost
= (Direct materials + Direct labor + Variable overhead + Fixed overhead)/Units
= ($27,000 + $472,500 + $15,000 + $18,000)/15,000
= $35.50
5. Since office rent is a fixed cost, no variable cost would be affected, and prime cost and total variable cost stay the same. Since conversion cost includes the new higher fixed overhead, it would increase. Similarly, total unit service cost would increase as shown below.
Unit services production cost
= ($27,000 + $472,500 + $15,000 + $19,500)/15,000
= $35.60
Cornerstone Exercise 2.6
1. Happy Home Helpers, Inc.
Statement of Cost of Services Produced
For the Coming Year
Direct materials
Beginning inventory............................................... $ 4,000
Add: Purchases...................................................... 25,600
Materials available.................................................. $ 29,600
Less: Ending inventory........................................... 2,600
Direct materials used in production............................. $ 27,000
Direct labor.................................................................. 472,500
Cleaning overhead....................................................... 33,000
Total services production costs added....................... $532,500
Add: Beginning work in process*................................ 0
Less: Ending work in process..................................... 0
Cost of services produced.......................................... $532,500
* The beginning and ending work-in-process amounts could clearly be eliminated. They are shown here to reinforce the concept that for this firm, with no work in process, total services production cost equals cost of services produced.
2. If purchases of direct materials increased to $30,000, and materials inventories remained unchanged, then the direct materials used in production, the total services production costs added, and the cost of services produced would all increase by $4,400 ($30,000 – $25,600).
Cornerstone Exercise 2.7
1. Happy Home Helpers, Inc.
Statement of Cost of Services Sold
For the Coming Year
Cost of services produced.............................................................. $532,500
Add: Beginning finished goods*...................................................... 0
Less: Ending finished goods........................................................... 0
Cost of services sold....................................................................... $532,500
*The beginning and ending finished goods amounts could clearly be eliminated. They are shown here to reinforce the concept that for this firm, with no finished goods inventory, total cost of services produced equals the cost of services sold.
2. Unlike a service firm, we would expect a manufacturing firm to have beginning and ending finished goods inventory.
Cornerstone Exercise 2.8
1. Happy Home Helpers, Inc.
Income Statement
For the Coming Year
Sales ($45 × 15,000)..................................................... $675,000
Cost of services sold................................................... 532,500
Gross margin............................................................... $142,500
Less operating expenses:
Selling expenses..................................................... $ 22,000
Administrative expenses......................................... 53,000 75,000
Operating income........................................................ $ 67,500
2. If the price increased to $50, sales would be $750,000, a $75,000 increase. This would increase gross margin and operating income by $75,000. The new operating income would be $142,500.
EXERCISES
Exercise 2.9
1. The objective of the dishwashing system is to provide clean, germ-free dishes, glasses, and silverware. Processes include: scraping uneaten food off dishes into disposal, loading the racks, washing the dishes, and unloading the racks.
2. The items are classified as follows:
a. Automatic dishwasher—interrelated part
b. Racks to hold the dirty glasses, silverware, and dishes—interrelated part
c. Electricity—input
d. Water—input
e. Waste disposal—interrelated part
f. Sinks and sprayers—interrelated parts
g. Dish detergent—input
h. Gas heater to heat water to 180 degrees Fahrenheit—interrelated part
i. Conveyor belt—interrelated part
j. Persons 1, 2, 3, and 4—interrelated parts
k. Clean, germ-free dishes—outputs
l. Dirty dishes—inputs
m. Half-eaten dinner—inputs
n. Aprons—interrelated parts
3. Operational Model: Dishwashing System
Inputs: Processes: Output:
Dish detergent Scraping off food Clean dishes
Water Loading racks
Electricity Washing
Dirty dishes Unloading
Half-eaten dinner
4. The cost management information system is similar in that it has interrelated parts: processes, objectives, inputs, and outputs. The differences are: inputs are economic events and there are users of information. The output of the cost management system produces user actions. Output can act as the basis for action or can confirm that actions already taken had the intended effects.
Exercise 2.10
1. a. Interrelated parts: Cost accounting personnel, computer, printer
b. Processes: Cost assignment: materials, labor, and overhead
c. Objectives: Costing out of products
d. Inputs: Direct materials, direct labor, depreciation, power and materials handling
e. Outputs: Product cost report
f. User actions: Submission of a bid, make-or-buy decision
2. Operational Model: Cost Accounting System
Inputs: Processes: Output:
Direct materials Cost assignment: Product cost
Direct labor Direct materials Bidding decision
Depreciation Direct labor Make-or-buy decision
Power Overhead
Materials handling
3. The inputs consist of only production costs suggesting a traditional product cost definition.
Exercise 2.11
a. Direct tracing
b. Allocation
c. Direct tracing
d. Direct tracing
e. Driver tracing; potential driver—machine hours or maintenance hours
f. Direct tracing
g. Direct tracing
h. Allocation
i. Driver tracing; potential driver—number of orders
j. Driver tracing; potential driver—number of engineering hours
k. Allocation
l. Driver tracing; potential driver—number of employees or direct labor hours
m. Allocation
n. Allocation
Exercise 2.12
a. Value-chain. This is a strategic decision and involves activities and costs throughout the entire value chain.
b. Operating. At this point, the costs of design and development are sunk costs; the decision to produce should consider the costs of production, marketing, and servicing the product.
c. Value-chain. The price needs to cover all product costs, including the costs of developing, selling, and servicing.
d. Product. This approach is mandated for external reporting.
e. Value-chain. Product mix decisions should consider all costs and the mix that is the most profitable in the long run should be selected.
f. Operating. The designs should be driven by the effect they have on production, marketing, and servicing costs. Thus, the operating cost definition is the most relevant.
g. Product. This approach is mandated for external reporting.
h. Operating. Research and design costs are not relevant for a price decision involving an existing product. Production, marketing, and servicing costs are relevant, however.
i. Operating. Any special order should cover its costs which potentially include production, marketing, and servicing costs.
Exercise 2.13
1. Direct materials used = $25,900 + $256,900 – $18,000 = $264,800
2. Direct materials......................................................................... $264,800
Direct labor............................................................................... 176,000
Overhead.................................................................................. 308,400
Total manufacturing cost.......................................................... $749,200
Add: Beginning WIP.................................................................. 44,700
Less: Ending WIP...................................................................... (22,700)
Cost of goods manufactured..................................................... $771,200
Unit cost of goods manufactured = $771,200/40,000 = $19.28
Exercise 2.13 (Concluded)
3. Direct labor = Product cost – Direct materials – Overhead
= $19.28 – $6.62 – $7.71 = $4.95
Prime cost = Direct materials + Direct labor
= $6.62 + $4.95 = $11.57
Conversion cost = Direct labor + Overhead
= $4.95 + $7.71 = $12.66
Exercise 2.14
1. Beginning inventory + Purchases – Ending inventory = Direct materials used
$2,500 + $78,300 – Ending inventory = $73,500
Ending inventory = $7,300
2. Units in beginning finished goods inventory = $3,422/$5.90 = 580
Since 14,000 units were manufactured and 580 were in beginning finished goods inventory, 14,580 units were available for sale. But 14,120 units were sold, so ending finished goods inventory is 460.
3. Cost of goods manufactured = $349,000 + $116,000 – $117,300 = $347,700
4. Prime cost = $55 = Direct materials + Direct labor
Direct materials = $55 – Direct labor
Conversion cost = $84 = Direct labor + Overhead
Overhead = $84 – Direct labor
Product cost = ($55 – Direct labor) + Direct labor + ($84 – Direct labor) = $105
Direct labor = $34
Direct materials + Direct labor = $55
Direct materials + $34 = $55
Direct materials = $21
5. Total manufacturing costs + BWIP – EWIP = COGM
$412,000 + $76,000 – EWIP = $434,000
EWIP = $54,000
Prime cost + Overhead = Total manufacturing costs
$64,000 + Overhead = $412,000
Overhead = $348,000
Exercise 2.15
1. LeMans Company
Statement of Cost of Goods Manufactured
For the Month of June
Direct materials:
Beginning inventory............................................... $ 62,400
Add: Purchases...................................................... 346,000
Materials available.................................................. $408,400
Less: Ending inventory........................................... 63,000
Direct materials used in production............................. $345,400
Direct labor.................................................................. 143,000
Manufacturing overhead.............................................. 375,800
Total manufacturing costs added................................ $864,200
Add: Beginning work in process.................................. 33,900
Less: Ending work in process..................................... (37,500)
Cost of goods manufactured....................................... $860,600
2. LeMans Company
Statement of Cost of Goods Sold
For the Month of June
Cost of goods manufactured........................................................... $860,600
Add: Beginning finished goods inventory........................................ 55,600
Cost of goods available for sale...................................................... $916,200
Less: Ending finished goods inventory........................................... 50,800
Cost of goods sold.......................................................................... $865,400
Exercise 2.16
1. Units ending finished goods = 3,400 + 30,000 – 31,000
= 2,400
Finished goods ending inventory = 2,400 × $39* = $93,600
*Since the unit cost of beginning finished goods and the unit cost of current production both equal $39, the unit cost of ending finished goods must also equal $39.
2. Kildeer Company
Statement of Cost of Goods Sold
For the Year Ended December 31
Cost of goods manufactured ($39 × 30,000).................................... $1,170,000
Add: Beginning finished goods inventory........................................ 132,600
Cost of goods available for sale...................................................... $1,302,600
Less: Ending finished goods inventory........................................... 93,600
Cost of goods sold.......................................................................... $1,209,000
3. Kildeer Company
Income Statement: Absorption Costing
For the Year Ended December 31
Percent
Sales (31,000 × $52).............................................. $ 1,612,000 100.00
Cost of goods sold................................................ 1,209,000 75.00
Gross margin........................................................ $ 403,000 25.00
Less operating expenses:
Commissions (31,000 × $1.30).......................... $ 40,300
Advertising co-pays.......................................... 95,000
Administrative expenses.................................. 183,000 318,300 19,75
Operating income.................................................. $ 84,700 5.25
Exercise 2.17
1. Anglin Company
Statement of Cost of Goods Manufactured
For the Year Ended December 31
Direct materials:
Beginning inventory............................................... $ 37,200
Add: Purchases...................................................... 378,890
Freight-in on materials............................. 7,500
Materials available.................................................. $423,590
Less: Ending inventory........................................... 34,600
Direct materials used in production............................. $ 388,990
Direct labor.................................................................. 495,900
Manufacturing overhead:
Factory supplies..................................................... $ 18,500
Factory utilities....................................................... 54,000
Factory supervision and indirect labor................... 165,000
Materials handling.................................................. 16,900
Total overhead costs.............................................. 254,400
Total manufacturing costs added................................ $1,139,290
Add: Beginning work in process.................................. 201,000
Less: Ending work in process..................................... (117,400)
Cost of goods manufactured....................................... $1,222,890
2. Anglin Company
Statement of Cost of Goods Sold
For the Year Ended December 31
Cost of goods manufactured........................................................... $1,222,890
Add: Beginning finished goods inventory........................................ 59,200
Cost of goods available for sale...................................................... $1,282,090
Less: Ending finished goods inventory........................................... 62,700
Cost of goods sold.......................................................................... $1,219,390
Exercise 2.18
1. Beginning inventory, materials.................................................. $ 1,050
+ Purchases............................................................................ 11,450
– Ending inventory, materials.................................................. (950)
Materials used in service provision........................................... $ 11,550
2. Prime cost = $11,550 + $25,570 = $37,120
3. Conversion cost = $25,570 + $18,130 = $43,700
4. Direct materials......................................................................... $ 11,550
Direct labor............................................................................... 25,570
Overhead.................................................................................. 18,130
Cost of services........................................................................ $ 55,250
5. Send it Packing
Income Statement
For the Month Ended May 31
Sales revenues................................................................................ $ 102,100
Cost of services sold....................................................................... 55,250
Gross margin................................................................................... $ 46,850
Operating expenses:
Advertising................................................................................. (2,750)
Franchise fee (0.05 × $102,100).................................................. (5,105)
Other administrative expenses................................................... (3,650)
Operating income............................................................................ $ 35,345
6. Clearly, the rent, insurance, and utilities are indirect costs. No matter how many packages Lakeesha and her workers package and send off for delivery, the rent, utilities, and insurance will be the same. The amount paid to UPS and FedEx, however, for the package delivery is a direct cost. This amount, which is collected by Send it Packing, is a direct cost of each package. It will change from month to month according to the number and type of packages that customers drop off.
Exercise 2.19
1. Shelly is interested in the manufacturing costs of Glaxane. In particular, the costs of direct materials, direct labor, and overhead will be calculated to budget for Glaxane production.
2. Leslie will be concerned with all costs along the value chain. Clearly, the after-sale costs will be an important factor in pricing since the potential for fatal side effects will lead to both lawsuits and the withdrawal of Glaxane from the market. However, Leslie must also be concerned with the costs of research, development, and production since pharmaceutical companies attempt to link all of these costs to a drug to justify their pricing strategies.
3. Dante will be primarily concerned with the overall research and development costs and the eventual revenue from the successful drugs. Any individual potential drug can turn out to have no value as long as some drug projects are successful and can justify the total efforts.
Exercise 2.20
1. Given the description provided, it appears that Jazon uses a traditional cost management system. First, product costs are determined only by production costs. Apparently, the financial accounting system is driving the type of product cost information being produced. Second, only direct labor hours, a unit-based driver, are used to assign overhead costs. Since many overhead costs are likely to be caused by nonunit drivers, this suggests a strong reliance on allocation for cost assignment. Third, the company’s control system focuses on departmental, rather than firm-wide, performance and relies on financial measures.
2. Product costing accuracy can be improved by placing more emphasis on tracing and less on allocation. There is enough information provided to reveal that the two products make quite different demands on certain activities. Setup, receiving, and purchasing resources are consumed differently by the two products, and it is doubtful that direct labor hours would have anything to do with the two products’ patterns of resource consumption for these three activities. Thus, using activity drivers that better reflect the differential resource consumption would improve the cost assignments. Jazon would need to assign costs to the activities using direct tracing and resource drivers and then assign the cost of the activities to the two products using activity drivers. Jazon also should consider the possibility of computing different—more managerially relevant—product costs such as value-chain costs and operational costs.
3. Jazon would need to change its control focus from managing costs to managing activities. This would entail shifting emphasis from departmental performance maximization to system-wide performance maximization. To bring about this change, Jazon will need to provide detailed information concerning activities. Since activities cause costs, managing activities is a more logical approach to controlling costs.
Exercise 2.21
1. Direct materials used = $68,000 + $278,000 – $70,400 = $275,600
2. Direct materials......................................................................... $275,600
Direct labor............................................................................... 189,000
Overhead.................................................................................. 523,000
Total manufacturing cost.......................................................... $987,600
Add: Beginning work in process............................................... 29,400
Less: Ending work in process................................................... (40,000)
Cost of goods manufactured..................................................... $977,000
Unit cost of goods manufactured = $977,000/100,000 = $9.77
3. Direct labor per unit = $9.77 – $2.70 – $5.30 = $1.77
Prime cost = $2.70 + $1.77 = $4.47
Conversion cost = $1.77 + $5.30 = $7.07
Exercise 2.22
1. Cost of goods manufactured..................................................... $977,000
Add: Beginning finished goods inventory................................. 43,200
Less: Ending finished goods inventory..................................... 42,100
Cost of goods sold.................................................................... $978,100
2. Ellerson Company
Income Statement
For the Year Ended December 31
Sales................................................................................................ $1,312,000
Cost of goods sold.......................................................................... 978,100
Gross margin................................................................................... $ 333,900
Less: Selling and administrative expenses...................................... 204,600
Operating income............................................................................ $ 129,300
CPA-TYPE EXERCISES
Exercise 2.23
b.
Exercise 2.24
b.
Exercise 2.25
d.
Exercise 2.26
b.
Exercise 2.27
c.
Direct materials $ 80,000
Direct labor 40,000
Factory overhead 74,000
Total manufacturing costs $194,000
Cost of goods manufactured equals $194,000 since beginning and ending inventories of work in process were zero.
Ending finished goods inventory = $194,000 + $9,650 - $174,600 = $29,050
Problems
Problem 2.28
1. Direct materials = $124,000 + $250,000 – $102,000 = $272,000
2. Prime cost = $272,000 + $140,000 = $412,000
3. First, calculate total overhead cost:
Depreciation on factory equipment........................................ $ 45,000
Depreciation on factory building............................................ 30,000
Factory insurance.................................................................. 15,000
Factory property taxes.......................................................... 20,000
Factory utilities...................................................................... 34,000
Indirect labor salaries............................................................ 156,000
Total overhead...................................................................... $300,000
Conversion cost = $140,000 + $300,000 = $440,000
4. Brody Company
Statement of Cost of Goods Manufactured
For Last Year
Direct materials......................................................................... $ 272,000
Direct labor............................................................................... 140,000
Overhead.................................................................................. 300,000
Total manufacturing cost.......................................................... $ 712,000
Add: Beginning work in process............................................... 124,000
Less: Ending work in process................................................... (130,000)
Cost of goods manufactured..................................................... $ 706,000
Unit product cost = $706,000/100,000 units = $7.06
5. Brody Company
Statement of Cost of Goods Sold
For Last Year
Cost of goods manufactured..................................................... $706,000
Add: Beginning inventory, Finished goods................................ 84,000
Less: Ending inventory, Finished goods................................... (82,000)
Cost of goods sold.................................................................... $708,000
Problem 2.28 (Concluded)
6. First, compute selling expense and administrative expense:
Utilities, sales office.............................................................. $ 1,800
Sales office salaries............................................................... 90,000
Sales commissions ($1,200,000 × 0.05)................................. 60,000
Selling expense..................................................................... $ 151,800
Depreciation on headquarters building.................................. $ 50,000
Property taxes, headquarters................................................ 18,000
Administrative salaries.......................................................... 150,000
Administrative expense......................................................... $218,000
Brody Company
Income Statement
For Last Year
Percent
Sales.......................................................... $ 1,200,000 100.00
Cost of goods sold..................................... 708,000 59.00
Gross margin............................................. $ 492,000 41.00
Less: Operating expenses
Selling expenses................................... $151,800 12.65
Administrative expenses....................... 218,000 18.17
Operating income....................................... $ 122,200 10.18
Problem 2.29
1. The decision to add plastic cups was made assuming that the fixed cost pool would remain unchanged. However, management failed to realize that additional demands on activities would be made by the new product line. Their failure to recognize this was due to the fact that they did not understand that costs can be driven by factors that are unrelated to the number of units produced. For example, materials handling costs are apparently driven by the number of moves, inspection costs by the number of batches, purchasing costs by the number of orders, and accounting costs by the number of transactions. Demand for these activities increased and so supply of the activities had to be increased; each activity evidently did not have enough idle capacity to handle the increased demands.
2. An activity-based cost management system provides information about both unit-based and non-unit-based drivers and is concerned with tracing these costs to the individual product lines. Using this system, the need for additional resources would have been revealed, leading to a better decision. Because previously, the factory had made only one type of product, it surely did not have an ABC system, and did not need one. Now, it is unlikely that the significant cost of installing such a system would be worth it. Instead, the company’s accountant could use his/her knowledge of ABC concepts to work with all departments to figure out which activities and costs would increase due to the addition of the plastic cups line. This way, the heads of production, the materials storeroom, purchasing, inspection, and accounting could have suggested the need for additional resources. These resource costs could then have been incorporated into the planning for the additional product, leading to a better decision.
Problem 2.30
1. Traditional Cost System:
a. Interrelated parts: Cost accounting staff, computer, printer
b. Processes: Cost assignment:
§ Direct tracing: Materials, labor
§ Driver tracing: None
§ Allocation (using direct labor hours for assignment): Setup costs, purchasing costs, materials handling costs, plant depreciation
c. Objectives: Costing out of products
d. Inputs: Direct materials cost, direct labor cost, setup cost, purchasing cost, materials handling cost, plant depreciation
e. Outputs: Product cost report
f. User actions: Submission of a bid, make-or-buy decision
Note: A traditional system would not use non-unit-drivers such as number of setups, moves, and orders to assign overhead costs to products. This leaves direct labor hours, a unit-based driver, as the only possibility. Since direct labor hours is not a good driver for the overhead activities listed, then allocation is the principal means of cost assignment. Furthermore, a traditional cost system would not assign sales or service costs to products, so these two items cannot be inputs for the system.
Activity-Based Cost System:
a. Interrelated parts: Cost accounting staff, computer, printer
b. Processes: Cost assignment:
§ Direct tracing: materials, labor
§ Driver tracing: Setup costs (number of setups), purchasing costs (number of orders), materials handling costs (number of moves), commissions (units sold), service costs (number of complaints)
§ Allocation: Plant depreciation (direct labor hours)
c. Objectives: Costing out of products
d. Inputs: Direct materials cost, direct labor cost, setup cost, purchasing cost, materials handling cost, commissions, customer service cost, plant depreciation
e. Outputs: Product cost report
f. User actions: Submission of a bid, make-or-buy decision
Problem 2.30 (Continued)
2. The differences between the two systems are found in the processes. The ABC system is driver-intensive; non-unit drivers are used to trace costs to products, whereas this is not part of the traditional system (which is allocation-intensive). The ABC system also assigns marketing and customer service costs to products, giving a more comprehensive view of product costs. Thus, although both systems provide product cost reports, the content of the reports will differ. The increased accuracy of cost assignments because of driver tracing and the additional marketing and customer service cost information provided by the ABC system should increase the quality of the bidding and make-or-buy decisions (i.e., reduce the error in decisions of this type).
3. Operational Model: Traditional Cost Accounting System
Inputs Processes Output
Costs of:
Direct materials
Direct labor Direct tracing:
Setups Direct materials
Purchasing Direct labor
Materials handling Allocation:
Plant depreciation Overhead Costing out product
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Users
Bidding decision, Make-or-buy decision
Problem 2.30 (Concluded)
Operational Model: ABC Cost Accounting System
Inputs Processes Output
Costs of: Direct tracing:
Direct materials Direct materials
Direct labor Direct labor
Allocation:
Plant depreciation Plant depreciation
Driver tracing:
Setups Setups
Purchasing Purchasing
Materials handling Materials handling
Commissions Commissions
Customer service Customer service Costing out product
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Users
Bidding decision, Make-or-buy decision
4. The operational models reveal that the ABC cost system is more complex, requires more inputs, and uses more complicated processes to transform the inputs. Thus, we would expect this system to be more costly to operate. On the other hand, the increased complexity provides increased accuracy and a richer set of possible product cost definitions. The ABC system can provide both traditional and operating product cost information. Both these factors should provide an advantage when it comes to managerial decision making. (The cost of making bad decisions is reduced.) Choosing the ABC system depends on whether the benefits of improved decision making outweigh the increased measurement costs.
Problem 2.31
Traditional Control System:
Actions Justification
a Performance, organizational subunit; managing costs
b Rewards manager for subunit performance
d Emphasizes performance of organizational subunit
g Emphasis on controlling costs
j Reward based on controlling costs (subunit performance)
l Emphasis on controlling costs
o Emphasis on subunit performance; controlling costs
Activity-Based Control System:
Actions Justification
c Activity-based cost used as input for activity control
e Emphasis on activity analysis
f Emphasis on managing activities (activity analysis)
h Managing activities
i Driver analysis
k Driver analysis; activity management
m Nonfinancial measure of performance
n Driver analysis; activity performance
Problem 2.32
Spencer Company
Statement of Cost of Goods Manufactured
For the Year Ended December 31
1. Direct materials:
Beginning inventory.......................................... $ 290,000
Add: Purchases................................................. 2,350,000
Materials available............................................. $2,640,000
Less: Ending inventory...................................... 112,000
Direct materials used in production........................ $2,528,000
Direct labor............................................................. 1,100,000
Manufacturing overhead:
Indirect labor..................................................... $ 334,000
Depreciation, factory building............................ 525,000
Depreciation, factory equipment........................ 416,000
Property taxes on factory.................................. 65,000
Utilities, factory................................................. 150,000
Insurance on factory......................................... 200,000 1,690,000
Total manufacturing costs added........................... $5,318,000
Add: Beginning work in process............................. 450,000
Less: Ending work in process................................ (750,000)
Cost of goods manufactured.................................. $5,018,000
2. Unit cost = $5,018,000/200,000 = $25.09
3. Spencer Company
Income Statement: Absorption Costing
For the Year Ended December 31
Percent
Sales (191,000* × $36)................................. $6,876,000 100.00
Cost of goods sold:
Cost of goods manufactured................ $5,018,000
Add: Beg. finished goods inventory...... 107,500
Goods available for sale........................ $5,125,500
Less: End. finished goods inventory..... 488,750 4,636,750 67.43
Gross margin.............................................. $ 2,239,250 32.57
Less: Salary, sales supervisor.................... $ 85,000
Commissions, salespersons.............. 216,000
Advertising........................................ 500,000 801,000 11.65
Administrative expenses................... 390,000 5.67
Operating income........................................ $1,048,250 15.25
* 2,500 + 200,000 – 11,500 = 191,000 units sold
Problem 2.33
1. Mythic, Inc.
Statement of Cost of Goods Manufactured
For the Previous Year
Direct materials.......................................................................... $ 5,000
Direct labor................................................................................. 30,000a
Manufacturing overhead............................................................. 110,000a
Total current manufacturing costs............................................. $145,000
Add: Beginning work in process................................................. 15,000b
Less: Ending work in process.................................................... (6,000)b
Cost of goods manufactured...................................................... $154,000
a Conversion cost = 4 × Prime cost
$140,000 = 4 (Direct materials + Direct labor)
$140,000 = 4($5,000 + Direct labor) = $20,000 + 4(Direct labor)
Direct labor = $30,000
Overhead = Conversion cost – Direct labor
Overhead = $140,000 – $30,000
Overhead = $110,000
b Ending WIP = 0.4 × Beginning WIP
($5,000 + $30,000 + $110,000) + Beg. WIP – (0.4 × Beg. WIP) = $154,000
Beginning WIP = $15,000; Ending WIP = 0.4 × $15,000 = $6,000
2. Mythic, Inc.
Statement of Cost of Goods Sold
For the Previous Year
Cost of goods manufactured...................................................... $154,000
Add: Beginning finished goods................................................... 22,400
Cost of goods available for sale................................................. $176,400
Less: Ending finished goods...................................................... 7,000a
Cost of goods sold..................................................................... $169,400b
a Ending finished goods = $176,400 – $169,400 = $7,000
b Cost of goods sold = 1.10 × $154,000 = $169,400
Problem 2.34
1. Mason, Durant, and Westbrook
Statement of Cost of Services Sold
For the Year Ended June 30
Direct materials used*..................................................................... $ 46,500*
Direct labor...................................................................................... 1,400,000
Overhead......................................................................................... 100,000
Total service costs added............................................................... $1,546,500
Add: Beginning work in process...................................................... 44,000
Less: Ending work in process......................................................... (13,000)
Cost of services sold....................................................................... $1,577,500
* Because all other data for the statement are given, you can work backward from the cost of services sold to get the direct materials used. In this type of firm, direct materials probably includes supplies such as paper, toner, file folders, envelopes, etc.
2. The dominant cost is direct labor (for the 15 professionals). Although labor is the major cost of providing many services, it is not always the case. For example, the dominant cost for some medical services may be overhead (e.g., CAT scans). In some services, the dominant cost may be materials (e.g., funeral services).
3. Mason, Durant, and Westbrook
Income Statement
For the Year Ended June 30
Sales (3,000 × $850)..................................................... $2,550,000
Cost of services sold................................................... 1,577,500
Gross margin............................................................... $ 972,500
Less operating expenses:
Selling expenses..................................................... $ 65,000
Administrative expenses......................................... 257,000 322,000
Operating income........................................................ $ 650,500
Problem 2.34 (Concluded)
4. Services have three attributes that are not possessed by tangible products: (1) intangibility, (2) perishability, and (3) inseparability. Intangibility means that the buyers of services cannot see, feel, hear, or taste a service before it is bought. Perishability means that services cannot be stored. Therefore, there will never be any finished goods inventories, making the cost of services produced equal to cost of services sold. Inseparability means that providers and buyers of services must be in direct contact for an exchange to take place.
The average cost of preparing one tax return last year was $526 ($1,577,500/3,000 returns). However, it will be difficult for MDW to use this figure in budgeting. Some of its accountants are no doubt more experienced than others, capable of completing a return in less time and with less research. The returns themselves differ in complexity. In addition, the seemingly continual changes in the tax law may affect certain of its clients more than others, making those clients’ returns more difficult to prepare.
Problem 2.35
1. Orman Company
Statement of Cost of Goods Manufactured
For Last Year
Direct materials:
Beginning inventory............................................... $ 3,450
Add: Purchases...................................................... 183,750
Less: Ending inventory........................................... (2,700)
Direct materials used in production............................. $184,500
Direct labor.................................................................. 138,000
Manufacturing overhead:
Plant depreciation................................................... $ 19,500
Salary, production supervisor................................ 47,000
Indirect labor.......................................................... 68,300
Utilities, factory...................................................... 15,700
Depreciation, factory equipment............................. 32,000
Supplies (0.4 × $18,000).......................................... 7,200 189,700
Total manufacturing costs added................................ $512,200
Add: Beginning work in process.................................. 13,250
Less: Ending work in process..................................... (28,250)
Cost of goods manufactured....................................... $497,200
2. Orman Company
Income Statement: Absorption Costing
For Last Year
Sales (90,500 × $10.50)................................................ $ 950,250
Cost of goods sold:
Beginning finished goods inventory....................... $113,000
Add: Cost of goods manufactured.......................... 497,200
Goods available for sale......................................... $610,200
Less: Ending finished goods inventory.................. 85,000 525,200
Gross margin............................................................... $ 425,050
Less operating expenses:
Selling expenses*................................................... $171,400
Administrative expenses......................................... 168,000 339,400
Operating income........................................................ $ 85,650
*$42,000 +(0.6 × $18,000) + $75,000 + $43,600 = $171,400
2.36 PRODUCT COST DEFINITIONS ETHICS Case
1. The consumer groups are using a cost definition that relies on manufacturing costs. The pharmaceutical companies’ definition of cost is based on the value chain. They include the costs of research and development, and possibly the cost of selling and post-sales service. It seems quite reasonable to include the costs of research and development when discussing the cost of a drug. For the cost of a life-saving drug, such as Betaseron, the cost of marketing would not be relevant. Either a patient has a disease that would be helped by the drug, or not.
2. As the accountant compiling costs for the drug, it is reasonable to include all costs related to research, development, and manufacture of the drug. The relevant cost of selling and delivering the drug would also be included. Allocation of costs across the corporation would be less defensible. For example, the company no doubt has advertising expenditures that are more general and benefit the company as a whole. These would be difficult to trace to the drug under consideration. This is a case that supports the need for direct and driver tracing. As a result, the IMA Statement of Ethical Professional Practice (see Chapter 1) would come into play. In particular, competence and credibility would be important. Competence requires the accountant to continually develop knowledge and skills. Credibility requires the accountant to disclose all information that could affect the user's understanding of the information and the ability to make decisions based on that information.
Cyber Research Case
2.37
Answers will vary.
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| The following problems can be assigned within CengageNOW and are auto-graded. See the last page of each chapter for descriptions of these new assignments.
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1. The cost management information system is primarily concerned with producing outputs for internal users using inputs and processes needed to satisfy management objectives.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
2. The Financial accounting information system provides information for three broad objectives: costing services and products, planning and control, and decision making.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
3. The value chain is the set of activities required to design, develop, produce, market, deliver and provide post-sales service for the products and services sold to customers.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
4. Cost management information benefits production, marketing, and customer service systems as well as being a crucial part of managerial decision making.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
5. An integrated cost management system receives information from and provides information to only the controller of a company.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
6. Cost assignment is one of the key processes of the cost accounting system.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
7. Cost is the cash or cash equivalent value sacrificed for goods and services that are expected to bring a current or future loss to the company.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
8. The three methods of cost assignment are direct tracing, driver tracing, and allocation.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
9. Assigning costs accurately to cost objects is of low priority. Accuracy is not evaluated based on knowledge of
some underlying “true cost”.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
10. The most precise of the three methods of cost assignment is direct tracing since it relies on observable causal relationships.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
11. Services differ from tangible products on three dimension: intangibility, perishability, and inseparability.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
12. Intangible products are goods produced by converting raw material into finished products through the use of labor and capital inputs.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
13. Production costs are costs associated with manufacturing goods or providing services and are classified as direct materials, direct labor, and overhead.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
14. Conversion cost is the sum of direct materials and direct labor cost and prime cost is the sum of direct labor and overhead cost.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
15. Product costs include production, marketing, and customer service, and are used for strategic design decisions and tactical profitability analysis.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
16. The income statement prepared for external parties is frequently referred to as absorption-costing income, or full costing income.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
17. The cost of goods sold is the cost of direct materials, direct labor and overhead attached to the units sold.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
18. The cost of goods manufactured represents the total manufacturing cost of goods completed during the current period.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
19. Work in process consists of all partially completed units found in production at a given point in time.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
20. Gross margin, also called gross profit, is the difference between sales and costs of goods sold.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
21. Cost management systems can be broadly classified as traditional or activity based.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
22. A traditional cost accounting system assumes that all costs can be classified as fixed with respect to changes in the units or volume produced.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
23. The overall objective of an activity-based cost management system is to manage activities to reduce costs and improve customer value.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
24. The cost accounting system that emphasizes tracing over allocation is called an activity-based accounting system.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
25. Error costs are costs associated with measurements required by the cost management system and measurement costs are the costs associated with making poor decisions.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
26. A subsystem of the accounting information system designed to satisfy costing, controlling and decision making objectives is called the system.
ANSWER: cost management
27. The cost management subsystem designed to provide accurate and timely feedback concerning the performance of managers relative to their control of activities is the information system.
ANSWER: operational control
28. The overall objective of accounting information is to provide information to .
ANSWER: users
29. The resources given up that are expected to bring a current or future benefit to the organization are called
__________ .
ANSWER: costs
30. Expired costs used up in the generation of revenues are called .
ANSWER: expenses
31. The least accurate but easiest to apply method of cost assignment is the method.
ANSWER: allocation
32. means the consumer cannot see, hear, feel, or taste a service before it is bought.
ANSWER: Intangibility
33. are generally materials necessary for production that do not become part of the finished product or are not used to provide a service.
ANSWER: Supplies
34. Costs necessary to market and distribute a product or service are often referred to as order- __________ and order- __________ costs.
ANSWER: getting; filling
35. In preparing an income statement, and costs are separated.
ANSWER: production; nonproduction
36. Gross margin is the difference between and the cost of goods or services sold.
ANSWER: sales revenues
37. income is the difference between gross margin and selling and administrative expenses.
ANSWER: Operating
38. Cost management systems are made up of two subsystems: the accounting system and the
control system.
ANSWER: cost; operational
39. Generally, more managerial objectives can be met with an activity-based system than with a system.
ANSWER: traditional
40. In deciding whether to implement a(n) cost management system, managers must evaluate the trade- off between costs of measurement and cost of errors.
ANSWER: activity-based
41. The set of interrelated parts that performs one or more processes to accomplish specific objectives is called a(n):
a. cost objective
b. system
c. activity
d. cost driver
ANSWER: b
42. The overall objective of accounting information systems is to
a. provide information to users.
b. manage the organization.
c. prepare financial reports.
d. report to the government.
ANSWER: a
43. In an accounting information system, which of the following is NOT a transformation process?
a. collecting data
b. performance reports
c. analyzing data
d. summarizing data
ANSWER: b
44. Which of the following is a cost management subsystem designed to assign costs to individual products and services and other objects, as specified by management?
a. financial accounting information system
b. operational control information system
c. cost accounting information system
d. all of the above
ANSWER: c
45. In a company that supplies muffins to bakeries, which of the following would be considered an input?
a. delivered muffins
b. flour
c. baking
d. none of these
ANSWER: b
46. In a company that supplies muffins to bakeries, which of the following would NOT be considered an input?
a. delivered muffins
b. flour
c. egg
d. oil
ANSWER: a
47. In a company that supplies muffins to bakeries, which of the following would NOT be considered a transforming process?
a. delivered muffins
b. baking
c. packaging
d. mixing
ANSWER: a
48. In a company that supplies muffins to bakeries, which of the following would be considered a transforming process?
a. delivered muffins
b. baking
c. egg
d. oil
ANSWER: b
49. In a company that supplies muffins to bakeries, delivered muffins to bakeries would be a(n)
a. interrelated part.
b. input.
c. output.
d. process.
ANSWER: c
50. In an accounting information system, the inputs are usually
a. financial statements.
b. analyzing data.
c. economic events.
d. performance reports.
ANSWER: c
51. Which of the following is a cost management subsystem designed to provide accurate and timely feedback concerning the performance of managers and others relative to their planning and control of activities?
a. financial accounting information system
b. operational control information system
c. cost accounting information system
d. all of the above
ANSWER: b
52. The accounting information subsystem that is primarily concerned with producing outputs for external users is called:
a. cost management information system
b. computer system
c. internal accounting system
d. financial accounting information system
ANSWER: d
53. High quality cost management systems should have an organization-wide perspective. Which of the following would NOT be a benefit of a cost management system?
a. increases speed by ignoring non-financial information
b. reduces duplicate data storage and use of data
c. improves timeliness of reports
d. increases the efficiency of generating reliable and accurate information
ANSWER: a
54. Which of the following is a major subsystem of the cost accounting information system?
a. ERP
b. Operational control information system
c. OLAP
d. EDI
ANSWER: b
55. A computerized information system that strives to input data once and to make it available to people across the company for different purposes is called a:
a. cost management information system
b. enterprise resource planning system
c. internal accounting system
d. financial accounting information system
ANSWER: b
56. A cost management subsystem designed to provide accurate and timely feedback concerning the performance of managers and others relative to their planning and control activities is called the:
a. cost accounting information system
b. financial accounting system
c. operational control information system
d. tax reporting system
ANSWER: c
57. Which of the following is NOT one of the features of an operational control information system?
a. to assist in continuous improvement of all aspects of the business
b. to improve the value received by customers
c. to provide product cost information needed by management
d. to improve profits by improving value
ANSWER: c
58. Which of the following is NOT an objective of the operational control system?
a. increasing value to customers
b. increasing profit by providing value
c. Increasing post purchase costs
d. all of the above
ANSWER: c
59. The resources given up that are expected to bring a current or future benefit to the organization are represented by:
a. Costs
b. Expired costs
c. Expenses
d. Losses
ANSWER: a
60. The cash or cash equivalent value sacrificed for goods and services that are expected to bring a current or future benefit to the organization is/are called:
a. Expenses
b. Cost
c. An activity
d. A loss
ANSWER: b
61. A cost used up in the production of revenues is a(n)
a. unexpired cost.
b. loss.
c. expense.
d. asset.
ANSWER: c
62. Which of the following is an example of a loss?
a. the cost of a product delivered to a customer
b. the cost of a delivered advertising campaign
c. the cost of the purchase of equipment
d. the write-off of an obsolete product
ANSWER: d
63. Which of the following is an example of an expense?
a. the cost of a proposed advertising campaign
b. the cost of a product delivered to a customer
c. the cost of the purchase of equipment
d. the write-off of an obsolete product
ANSWER: b
64. Which of the following is an example of a possible cost object?
a. a product
b. a customer
c. a department
d. all of the above
ANSWER: d
65. Traceability is a function of
a. an indirect relationship to the cost object.
b. distortion.
c. a causal relationship.
d. none of these.
ANSWER: c
66. Factors that cause changes in resource usage, activity usage, costs and revenues are called
a. indirect costs.
b. drivers.
c. assignments.
d. cost objects.
ANSWER: b
67. The most likely method to assign the cost of an assembly-line supervisor when the assembly line is the cost object is the:
a. driver tracing method
b. arbitration method
c. allocation method
d. direct tracing method
ANSWER: d
68. Which cost assignment method would likely assign the cost of heating in a plant that makes beds and dressers when the bed product line is the cost object?
a. driver tracing
b. direct tracing
c. allocation
d. arbitration
ANSWER: c
69. Which cost assignment method would likely assign the cost of maintenance for machines in a department that does cutting when the cutting activity is the cost object?
a. driver tracing
b. direct tracing
c. allocation
d. arbitration
ANSWER: a
70. Which of the following expenses incurred by a department store is a direct cost for the women's shoe department?
a. the salespersons' commissions in the women's shoe department
b. the salaries for individuals working in the accounting department
c. the advertising expense for the service department
d. the allocated rent expense for the clothing department
ANSWER: a
71. Which of the following costs incurred by a chair manufacturer would be traced to the product cost through direct tracing?
a. the depreciation on factory equipment
b. the supervisor's salary
c. the insurance on the factory building
d. the woodworker's salary
ANSWER: d
72. Direct costs
a. are incurred for the benefit of the business as a whole.
b. would continue even if a particular product were discontinued.
c. are those costs that can be easily and accurately traced to a cost object.
d. can be assigned to products only by a process of allocation.
ANSWER: c
73. The direct costs of operating a college computer center would NOT include
a. rent paid for computers.
b. a fair share of college utilities.
c. paper used by the center.
d. computer consultants' salaries.
ANSWER: b
74. Which of the following methods of assigning costs is based on convenience or some assumed linkage, and reduces the overall accuracy of the cost assignments?
a. direct tracing
b. driver tracing
c. allocation
d. all of the above
ANSWER: c
75. Which of the following costs incurred by a bus manufacturer would NOT be directly attributable to the finished product?
a. the wages paid to assembly-line production workers
b. the tires for buses
c. the windshields for buses
d. the depreciation on factory building
ANSWER: d
76. The assignment of indirect costs to cost objects is referred to as:
a. Allocation
b. Direct tracing
c. Physical observation
d. Cost management
ANSWER: a
77. What is a disadvantage of assigning costs evenly over all cost objects?
a. not all costs will be assigned
b. total costs will be distorted
c. costs may be distorted by consumption patterns of other cost objects
d. none of these
ANSWER: c
78. The insurance paid on the factory is
a. a direct cost if the cost object is the factory.
b. an indirect cost if the cost object is the product produced.
c. could be either a direct cost or an indirect cost, depending on the cost object.
d. all of the above.
ANSWER: d
79. Which of the following would NOT be a cost that could be directly traced to a custom piece of furniture based upon physical observation?
a. the wood and upholstery materials that are in the final piece
b. the depreciation paid on factory equipment t
c. he labor of the worker assembling the piece of furniture
d. the labor of the woodworker who finishes the wood of the piece
ANSWER: b
80. The precision of driver tracing depends upon
a. physically observable relationships.
b. the strength of causal relationships described by the driver.
c. allocation estimations.
d. both b and c.
ANSWER: b
81. If physical observation can NOT be used to identify the exact amount of resources consumed by a cost object, the next best approach is
a. driver tracing.
b. allocation.
c. estimation.
d. none of these.
ANSWER: a
82. Services differ from tangible products in which of the following dimensions?
a. intangibility
b. inseparability
c. perishability
d. all of the above
ANSWER: d
83. With regards to products, perishability can be defined as
a. buyers of products who cannot see, feel, hear or taste the product before it is bought.
b. services that cannot be stored.
c. buyers and sellers who must be in direct contact for the sale to take place.
d. buyers of the product who do not need direct contact with the manufacturer of the product.
ANSWER: b
84. Intangibility of services means that
a. products cannot be seen, tasted, heard or felt before the purchase.
b. products cannot be stored.
c. exchange takes place in direct contact.
d. both a and c.
ANSWER: a
85. An example of a tangible product, rather than a service, would be
a. housekeeping.
b. insurance coverage.
c. paper.
d. medical exam.
ANSWER: c
86. With regard to services, inseparability means that
a. products cannot be stored.
b. direct contact must take place for an exchange.
c. products have a physical presence.
d. none of the above apply to inseparability.
ANSWER: b
87. An example of a service, rather than a tangible product, would be
a. medical exams.
b. cloths.
c. trucks.
d. radios.
ANSWER: a
88. Which of the following is a service organization?
a. grocery store
b. CPA firm
c. cattle ranch
d. department store
ANSWER: b
89. Which of the following costs would be included in value-chain product costs?
a. research and development
b. production
c. customer service
d. all of the above
ANSWER: d
90. Product value-chain costs assist managers in meeting which of the following objectives?
a. product mix decisions
b. tactical profitability analysis
c. external financial reporting
d. strategic design decisions
ANSWER: a
91. Value-chain product costs include which of the following?
a. customer service costs
b. marketing costs
c. research and development
d. all of the above
ANSWER: d
92. Which of the following costs would NOT be included in operating product costs?
a. production
b. marketing
c. research and development
d. all of the above
ANSWER: c
93. Which of the following costs would be included in traditional product costs used for external reporting?
a. research and development
b. production
c. marketing
d. all of the above
ANSWER: b
94. Which of the following costs is NOT a product cost?
a. rent on an office building
b. indirect labor
c. repairs on manufacturing equipment
d. steel used in inventory items produced
ANSWER: a
95. Which of the following costs is an example of product costs?
a. selling commissions
b. nonfactory office salaries
c. direct materials
d. advertising expense
ANSWER: c
96. Which of the following costs incurred by a furniture manufacturer would be a product cost?
a. office salaries
b. lumber
c. commissions paid to sales staff
d. controller's salary
ANSWER: b
97. Which of the following costs is a product cost?
a. lease payments on cars used by salespersons
b. president's salary
c. property taxes on factory building
d. depreciation on office equipment
ANSWER: c
98. Which of the following costs is a period cost for a manufacturing company?
a. controller's salary
b. wages of machine operators
c. insurance on factory equipment
d. fringe benefits for factory employees
ANSWER: a
99. In a traditional manufacturing company, product costs include
a. direct materials only.
b. direct materials, direct labor, and factory overhead.
c. direct materials and direct labor only.
d. direct labor only.
ANSWER: b
100. Which of the following costs is an indirect product cost?
a. president's salary
b. wages of assembly workers
c. materials used
d. property taxes on plant facilities
ANSWER: d
101. If the total warehousing cost for the year amounts to $450,000, and 40 percent of the warehousing activity is associated with finished goods and 60 percent with direct materials, how much of the cost would be charged as a product cost?
a. $90,000 b. $180,000 c. $270,000 d. $450,000
ANSWER: c
RATIONALE: SUPPORTING CALCULATIONS: $450,000 × 0.60 = $270,000
102. Which of the following costs would be included as part of direct materials in the production of an automobile?
a. glue for a sticker applied to the automobile
b. steel
c. gasoline used to fuel machines in production
d. none of these
ANSWER: b
103. All of Eva Enterprise's operations are housed in one building with the costs of occupying the building accumulated in a separate account. The total costs incurred in July amounted to $48,000. The company allocates these costs on the basis of square feet of floor space occupied. Administrative offices, sales offices, and factory operations occupy 9,000, 6,000, and 30,000 square feet, respectively. How much will be classified as a product cost for July? a. $9,600
b. $6,400 c. $16,000 d. $32,000
ANSWER: d
RATIONALE: SUPPORTING CALCULATIONS: [30,000/(9,000 + 6,000 + 30,000)] × $48,000 = $32,000
104. Which of the following costs would be considered a direct material?
a. glue in the production of automobiles
b. labor used to finish product
c. paper used in the production of books
d. depreciation on the corporation's office building
ANSWER: c
105. The difference between a supply and an indirect material is that
a. supplies are not necessary for production.
b. indirect materials are not physically part of the product.
c. supplies are not necessary for production and are not physically part of the product.
d. supplies are necessary for production and are not physically part of the product.
ANSWER: d
106. Which of the following costs would be included as part of direct labor?
a. a materials handler
b. a cutter in the production of shelving
c. an assembly-line supervisor
d. a janitor
ANSWER: b
107. Which of the following costs would be included as part of factory overhead?
a. depreciation of plant equipment
b. direct labor
c. depreciation on the corporation's office building
d. paper used in the production of books
ANSWER: a
108. Which of the following items would NOT be classified as part of factory overhead of a firm that makes sailboats?
a. factory supplies used
b. depreciation of factory buildings
c. canvas used in sail
d. indirect materials
ANSWER: c
109. Wages paid to a janitor in the factory would be classified as
a. direct labor.
b. direct janitor salaries.
c. supervisor salaries.
d. factory overhead.
ANSWER: d
110. All of the following costs are included in factory overhead EXCEPT
a. factory supplies.
b. indirect labor.
c. plant foreman's salary.
d. direct labor.
ANSWER: d
111. Selling and administrative costs are classified as
a. product costs.
b. conversion costs.
c. period costs.
d. factory overhead.
ANSWER: c
112. Which of the following costs is NOT a period cost?
a. receptionist's salary
b. steel used in steel railings
c. depreciation on sales staffs' cars
d. sales commission
ANSWER: b
113. Which of the following costs is a period cost?
a. depreciation of factory equipment
b. transportation-in for material shipments
c. amortization of a patent for the company's product
d. depreciation of office computers
ANSWER: d
114. An example of a period cost is
a. president's salary.
b. insurance on factory equipment.
c. property taxes on factory building.
d. wages of factory custodians.
ANSWER: a
115. An example of a nonproduction cost is
a. wages paid to assembly-line employees.
b. manufacturing supplies.
c. insurance on manufacturing facilities.
d. the treasurer's salary.
ANSWER: d
116. Which of the following costs are expensed in the period in which they are incurred?
a. Direct materials costs
b. Product costs
c. Factory overhead costs
d. Nonproduction costs
ANSWER: d
117. Order-getting costs would NOT include
a. marketing costs.
b. customer service costs.
c. advertising.
d. salaries of sales personnel.
ANSWER: b
118. Period costs do NOT include
a. order-getting costs.
b. order-filling costs.
c. order-making costs.
d. all of the above are period costs.
ANSWER: c
119. Prime product costs include
a. only factory overhead.
b. only direct labor.
c. direct labor and factory overhead.
d. direct materials and direct labor.
ANSWER: d
120. The sum of direct labor and factory overhead is referred to as
a. period costs.
b. conversion costs.
c. prime costs.
d. direct product costs.
ANSWER: b
121. Conversion costs do NOT include
a. direct materials.
b. direct labor.
c. factory overhead.
d. any of these costs.
ANSWER: a
122. Which of the following would NOT be included in the conversion cost of an automobile?
a. screws used in assembly
b. assembly worker wages
c. depreciation on machinery
d. steel
ANSWER: d
123. Costs that are expensed in the period in which they are incurred are called:
a. Direct materials costs
b. Product costs
c. Noninventoriable costs
d. Inventoriable costs
ANSWER: c
Figure 2-11
Information from the records of the Abel Corporation for July 2016 was as follows:
| Sales | $1,230,000 |
| Selling and administrative expenses | 210,000 |
| Direct materials used | 264,000 |
| Direct labor | 300,000 |
| Factory overhead * *variable overhead is $205,000, fixed overhead is $200,000 | 405,000 |
|
124. Refer to Figure 2-11. The conversion cost is
a. $960,000
b. $1,179,000
c. $705,000
d. $564,000
ANSWER: c
RATIONALE: $300,000 + $405,000 = $705,000
125. Refer to Figure 2-11. The prime costs are
a. $210,000
b. $264,000
c. $300,000
d. $564,000
ANSWER: d
RATIONALE: $264,000 + $300,000 = $564,000
126. Refer to Figure 2-11. The variable product costs are
a. $969,000
b. $769,000
c. $764,000
d. $1,179,000
ANSWER: b
RATIONALE: $264,000 + $300,000 + $205,000 = $769,000
127. Refer to Figure 2-11. The total product cost is
a. $1,179,000
b. $969,000
c. $615,000
d. $764,000
ANSWER: b
RATIONALE: $ 264,000 + $300,000 + 405,000 = $969,000
Figure 2-12
Information from the records of the Conundrum Company for September 2016 was as follows:
| Sales | $307,500 |
| Selling and administrative expenses | 52,500 |
| Direct materials used | 66,000 |
| Direct labor | 75,000 |
| Variable factory overhead | 50,000 |
| Factory overhead | 51,250 |
Inventories
| Sept. 1, 2016 | Sept 30, 2016 | |
| Direct materials | $8,000 | $10,500 |
| Work in process | 18,750 | 21,000 |
| Finished goods | 17,250 | 14,250 |
Conundrum Corporation produced 20,000 units.
128. Refer to Figure 2-12. The prime costs per unit for September were
a. $7.05
b. $8.8125
c. $14.7375
d. $20.00
ANSWER: a
RATIONALE: $66,000 + $75,000 = $141,000/20,000 units = $7.05 per unit
129. Refer to Figure 2-12. What are the conversion costs per unit?
a. $7.05
b. $8.8125
c. $12.1125
d. $14.7375
ANSWER: b
RATIONALE: $75,000 + $50,000 + $51,250 = $176,250/ 20,000 units = $ 8.8125
130. Refer to Figure 2-12. If production increased to 32,000 units next year, what is the effect on variable product costs per unit and total product costs per unit respectively?
a. remain the same; remain the same
b. remain the same; decrease
c. increase; remain the same
d. decrease; increase
ANSWER: b
RATIONALE: variable product cost per unit remain the same; total product cost per unit will decrease
131. Refer to Figure 2-12. What are the total variable costs per unit? a. $7.05
b. $9.55
c. $2.175
d. $6.25
ANSWER: b
RATIONALE: $66,000 + 75,000 + 50,000 = $191,000/ 20,000 units = $9.55 per unit
132. Refer to Figure 2-12. What is the total product cost per unit?
a. $14.7375
b. $12.1125 c. $12.175
d. $12.2375
ANSWER: b
RATIONALE: $66,000 + $75,000 + $50,000 + $51,250 = $242,250/20,000 = $12.1125
133. Product costs are converted from cost to expense when
a. units are completed.
b. materials are purchased.
c. units are sold.
d. materials are requisitioned.
ANSWER: c
134. A company has purchased some steel to use in the production of steel railings. If this steel has NOT been put into production, it would be classified as
a. finished goods inventory.
b. factory supplies.
c. work-in-process inventory.
d. direct materials inventory.
ANSWER: d
135. The income statement prepared for external reporting is
a. based on a functional classification.
b. referred to as absorption-costing income.
c. called full-costing income.
d. all of the above.
ANSWER: d
136. Which of the following costs would NOT be included in calculating inventory values under the absorption-costing basis?
a. direct materials
b. fixed overhead
c. selling and administrative expenses
d. direct labor
ANSWER: c
137. When calculating the absorption-costing income for external reporting, all
a. manufacturing costs ultimately become nonmanufacturing costs.
b. manufacturing costs are product costs and product costs are never expensed.
c. costs of selling manufactured products are classified as product costs.
d. selling and administrative costs are classified as nonmanufacturing costs.
ANSWER: d
138. Which of the following accounts would appear on the financial statements of ONLY a manufacturing firm?
a. materials inventory
b. bonds payable
c. prepaid insurance
d. retained earnings
ANSWER: a
139. Which type of inventory is normally sold to other organizations?
a. direct materials
b. factory supplies
c. work in process
d. finished goods
ANSWER: d
140. The records of Custom Choppers, Inc. for September 2016 shows the following information:
| Sales | $820,000 | ||
| Selling and administrative expenses | 140,000 | ||
| Direct materials purchases | 176,000 | ||
| Direct labor | 200,000 | ||
| Factory overhead | 270,000 | ||
| Direct materials, September 1 | 24,000 | ||
| Work in process, September 1 | 50,000 | ||
| Finished goods, September 1 | 46,000 | ||
| Direct materials, September 30 | 28,000 | ||
| Work in process, September 30 | 56,000 | ||
| Finished goods, September 30 | 38,000 | ||
| The net income for the month of September is a. $644,000. | |||
| b. $36,000. | |||
| c. $636,000. | |||
| d. $180,000. | |||
ANSWER: b
RATIONALE: SUPPORTING CALCULATIONS:
COGM = ($24,000 + $176,000 - $28,000) + $200,000 +
$270,000 +$50,000 - $56,000 = $636,000
COGS = $636,000 + $46,000 - $38,000 = $644,000 NI = $820,000 - $140,000 - $644,000 = $36,000
141. The merchandise inventory in a merchandising business corresponds most closely to which of the following items in a manufacturing firm?
a. materials inventory
b. cost of goods available for sale
c. cost of goods manufactured
d. finished goods inventory
ANSWER: d
142. If beginning work-in-process inventory is $160,000, ending work-in-process inventory is $180,000, cost of goods manufactured is $500,000, and direct materials used are $130,000, what are the conversion costs?
a. $210,000 b. $320,000 c. $340,000 d. $390,000
ANSWER: d
RATIONALE: SUPPORTING CALCULATIONS: $500,000 + $180,000 - $160,000 - $130,000 = $390,000
143. The following information pertains to Steel Wheels, Inc:
| Cost of goods manufactured | $350,000 |
| Beginning work-in-process inventory | 110,000 |
| Ending work-in-process inventory | 80,000 |
| Manufacturing overhead | 50,000 |
| What are the prime costs for the year? a. $360,000 | |
| b. $480,000 | |
| c. $270,000 | |
| d. $300,000 |
ANSWER: c
RATIONALE: SUPPORTING CALCULATIONS: $350,000 + $80,000 - $110,000 - $50,000 = $270,000
144. Inventory balances for the Beemer Enterprises in April 2016 are as follows:
| April 1, 2016 | April 30, 2016 | |
| Raw materials | $27,000 | $21,000 |
| Work in process | 48,000 | 37,200 |
| Finished goods | 108,000 | 90,000 |
During April, purchases of direct materials were $36,000. Direct labor and factory overhead costs were $60,000 and $84,000, respectively.
Prime costs for April were
a. $102,000
b. $96,000
c. $87,000
d. $81,000
ANSWER: a
RATIONALE: SUPPORTING CALCULATIONS: ($27,000 + $36,000 - $21,000) + $60,000 = $102,000
145. Inventory balances for Marshall, Inc., in June 2016 are as follows:
| June 1, 2016 | June 30, 2016 | |
| Raw materials | $1,125 | $ 875 |
| Work in process | 2,000 | 1,550 |
| Finished goods | 4,500 | 3,750 |
During June, purchases of direct materials were $1,500. Direct labor and factory overhead costs were $2,500 and
$3,500, respectively. Conversion costs for June were
a. $8,200.
b. $7,750.
c. $7,500.
d. $6,000.
ANSWER: d
RATIONALE: SUPPORTING CALCULATIONS: $2,500 + $3,500 = $6,000
Figure 2-13
Inventory balances for the Jameson Company in October 2016 are as follows:
| October 1, 2106 | October 31, 2016 | |
| Raw materials | $27,000 | $21,000 |
| Work in process | 48,000 | 37,200 |
| Finished goods | 108,000 | 90,000 |
During October, purchases of direct materials were $36,000. Direct labor and factory overhead costs were $60,000 and $84,000, respectively.
146. Refer to Figure 2-13. What is the cost of materials used in production? a. $36,000
b. $42,000 c. $47,800 d. $54,000
ANSWER: b
RATIONALE: $27,000 +$ 36,000 - $21,000 = $42,000
147. Refer to Figure 2-13. What are the total manufacturing costs added to production in the period? a. $186,000
b. $180,000 c. $144,000 d. $174,200
ANSWER: a
RATIONALE: $ 42,000 + $60,000 + $84,000 = $186,000
148. Refer to Figure 2-13. What is the cost of goods manufactured?
a. $180,000
b. $186,000
c. $194,000
d. $196,800
ANSWER: d
RATIONALE: $42,000 + $60,000 + $84,000 + $48,000 - $37,200 = $196,800
149. The sum of the total additions to work in process during a period is
a. total manufacturing costs added.
b. factory overhead applied.
c. material used.
d. cost of goods manufactured.
ANSWER: a
150. The following information for the Sutton Glass Company has been provided:
| Cost of goods manufactured | $100,000 |
| Work in process: | |
| Beginning | 15,000 |
| Ending | 20,000 |
| Direct labor | 30,000 |
| Direct materials used | ? |
| Factory overhead | 45,000 |
What is the amount of direct materials used?
a. $25,000
b. $30,000
c. $35,000
d. $100,000
ANSWER: b
RATIONALE: SUPPORTING CALCULATIONS: $100,000 + $20,000 - $15,000 - $30,000 - $45,000 = $30,000
151. The ending work-in-process inventory is deducted on the
a. balance sheet.
b. income statement.
c. statement of cost of goods manufactured.
d. statement of cash flows.
ANSWER: c
152. Cost of goods sold equals cost of goods manufactured
a. when finished goods inventories remain constant.
b. when work-in-process inventories remain constant.
c. plus beginning work-in-process inventory minus ending work-in-process inventory.
d. when materials inventories remain constant.
ANSWER: a
153. Inventory balances for Spiritlight Ventures for November 2016 are as follows:
| November 1, 2016 | November 30, 2016 | |
| Materials | $ 9,000 | $ 7,000 |
| Work in process | 16,000 | 12,400 |
| Finished goods | 36,000 | 30,000 |
During November, purchases of direct materials were $18,000. Direct labor and factory overhead costs were
$20,000 and $28,000, respectively.
The cost of goods manufactured in November was
a. $68,000.
b. $77,600.
c. $74,000.
d. $71,600.
ANSWER: d
RATIONALE: SUPPORTING CALCULATIONS: $9,000 + $18,000 - $7,000 + $20,000 + $28,000 + $16,000 - $12,400 =$71,600
154. Selected data concerning the past year's operations of the Motor City Corporation are as follows:
Selling and administrative expenses $225,000
Direct materials used 467,500
Direct labor (50,000 hours) 450,000
Factory overhead application rate 8 per DLH
Inventories
Beginning Ending
Direct material $75,000 $67,500
Work in process 112,500 135,000
Finished goods 60,000 37,500
The cost of direct materials purchased is
a. $467,500.
b. $460,000.
c. $437,500.
d. $445,000.
ANSWER: b
RATIONALE: SUPPORTING CALCULATIONS: $467,500 + $67,500 - $75,000 = $460,000
Figure 2-14
The following is the data for Lauren Enterprises:
Selling and administrative expenses $75,000
Direct materials used 265,000
Direct labor (25,000 hours) 300,000 Factory overhead application rate $16 per DLH
|
155. Refer to Figure 2-14. What is the cost of goods manufactured?
a. $1,115,000
b. $965,000
c. $955,000
d. $950,000
ANSWER: d
RATIONALE: SUPPORTING CALCULATIONS: $265,000 + $300,000 + $400,000($16 × 25,000) + $75,000 $90,000 =$950,000
156. Refer to Figure 2-14. What is the cost of goods sold?
a. $565,000
b. $950,000
c. $965,000
d. $980,000
ANSWER: c
RATIONALE: $265,000 + $ 300,000 + $400,000 + $75,000 - $90,000 + $40,000 - $25,000 = $965,000
157. The cost of units completed during a period is called
a. cost of goods sold.
b. cost of goods manufactured.
c. current manufacturing costs.
d. finished goods inventory.
ANSWER: b
158. The records for the previous year for Sarasota Boat Builders, Inc., shows the following data::
Selling and administrative expenses $300,000
Direct materials used 530,000
Direct labor (100,000 hours) 600,000 Factory overhead application rate $5 per DLH
Inventories
Beginning Ending
Work in process $150,000 $160,000
Finished goods 80,000 50,000
The cost of goods sold is a. $1,630,000.
b. $1,880,000.
c. $1,600,000.
d. $1,650,000.
ANSWER: d
RATIONALE: SUPPORTING CALCULATIONS: $530,000 + $600,000 + $500,000($5 × 100,000) + $150,000 $160,000 + $80,000 - $50,000 = $1,650,000
159. The following information has been provided for Hopen Enterprises:
| Cost of goods manufactured | $7,500 |
| Work in process | |
| Beginning | 1,200 |
| Ending | 1,400 |
| Direct labor | 4,000 |
| Materials placed in production | 1,500 |
| Factory overhead | ? |
What is the amount of factory overhead? a. $2,000
b. $2,200 c. $1,400 d. $5,500
ANSWER: b
RATIONALE: SUPPORTING CALCULATIONS: $7,500 + $1,400 - $1,200 - $4,000 - $1,500 = $2,200
160. The following information is from the records of Stretch Limousines, Inc.:
| Net direct materials purchase cost | $225,000 |
| Total direct materials used | 275,000 |
| Beginning direct materials inventory | 125,000 |
| The ending direct materials inventory is a. $175,000. | |
| b. $75,000. | |
| c. $50,000. | |
| d. $100,000. |
ANSWER: b
RATIONALE: SUPPORTING CALCULATIONS: $125,000 + $225,000 - $275,000 = $75,000
161. The Sumter Company recently had a fire in its accounting office, destroying most of its records. Only the following information could be salvaged for 2016:
| Direct labor | $400,000 |
| Factory overhead | 200,000 |
| Cost of goods sold | 800,000 |
| Work in process, January 1 | 80,000 |
| Finished goods, January 1 | 160,000 |
| Work in process, December 31 | 100,000 |
| Finished goods, December 31 | 120,000 |
The cost of direct materials used in production during 2016 is a. $140,000.
b. $180,000. c. $200,000. d. $260,000.
ANSWER: b
RATIONALE: SUPPORTING CALCULATIONS: $800,000 + $120,000 - $160,000 + $100,000 - $80,000 - $400,000 -$200,000 = $180,000
Figure 2-15
Information from the records of Chrome Ponies Enterprises for June 2016 is as follows:
| Sales | $41,000 |
| Direct labor | 10,000 |
| Selling and administrative expenses | 7,000 |
| Direct materials purchases | 6,000 |
| Factory overhead | 13,500 |
|
162. Refer to Figure 2-15. What was the cost of materials used in production? a. $ 6,200
b. $ 6,000
c. $5,800 d. $19,500
ANSWER: c
RATIONALE: $6,000 + $1,200 - $1,400 = $5,800
163. Refer to Figure 2-15. Chrome Ponies Enterprises' cost of goods manufactured in June is a. $29,300.
b. $29,700. c. $29,200. d. $29,000.
ANSWER: d
RATIONALE: SUPPORTING CALCULATIONS: ($1,200 + $6,000 - $1,400) + $10,000 + $13,500 + $2,500 -
$2,800 = $29,000
164. Refer to Figure 2-15. What are the total manufacturing costs added? a. $18,500
b. $19,300 c. $29,000 d. $29,300
ANSWER: d
RATIONALE: $6,000 + $1,200 - $1,400 + $10,000 + $13,500 = $29,300
165. Refer to Figure 2-15. What is the gross margin (profit)? a. $11,500
b. $11,600 c. $4,500
d. $4,600
ANSWER: b
RATIONALE: $41,000 - ($1,200 + $6,000 - $1,400) + $10,000 + $13,500 + $2,500 - $2,800 +$2,300 - $1,900 = $11,600
166. Refer to Figure 2-15. What is the cost of goods sold? a. $36,500
b. $28,600 c. $29,400 d. $29,500
ANSWER: c
RATIONALE: ($1,200 + $6,000 - $1,400) + $10,000 + $13,500 + $2,500 - $2,800 + $2,300 - $1,900 = $29,400
167. Morton Manufacturing shows cost of goods sold for the month of March was $90,000. The finished goods inventory was $15,000 on March 1 and $17,500 on March 31. Beginning and ending work-in-process inventories were $20,000 and $25,000, respectively. What was the cost of goods manufactured during March?
a. $92,500 b. $90,000 c. $87,500 d. $97,500
ANSWER: a
RATIONALE: SUPPORTING CALCULATIONS: $90,000 + $17,500 - $15,000 = $92,500
168. Assume the following information for the Blue Knights Corporation for the year ended December 31, 2016:
| Sales | $2,250 |
| Cost of goods manufactured for the year | 1,350 |
| Beginning finished goods inventory | 450 |
| Ending finished goods inventory | 495 |
| Selling and administrative expenses | 300 |
What is the cost of goods sold for the year ended December 31, 2016? a. $1,305
b. $1,605 c. $1,350 d. $1,650
ANSWER: a
RATIONALE: SUPPORTING CALCULATIONS: $1,350 + 450 - $495 = $1,305
169. Rebel Yell, Inc., recorded the following data for April:
| Beginning finished goods inventory | $60,000 |
| Beginning work-in-process inventory | 40,000 |
| Ending work-in-process inventory | 80,000 |
| Ending finished goods inventory | 50,000 |
| Factory overhead costs | 200,000 |
| Direct materials used | 160,000 |
| Direct labor | 100,000 |
| What is the cost of goods manufactured for April? a. $470,000 | |
| b. $420,000 | |
| c. $460,000 | |
| d. $430,000 |
ANSWER: b
RATIONALE: SUPPORTING CALCULATIONS: $160,000 + $100,000 + $200,000 + $40,000 - $80,000 = $420,000
170. The records of the Williamson Company show the following information:
| Direct materials used | $90,000 |
| Direct labor | 130,000 |
| Factory overhead | 150,000 |
| Beginning work-in-process inventory | 15,000 |
| Beginning finished goods inventory | 20,000 |
| Ending work-in-process inventory | 42,000 |
| Selling and administrative expenses | 37,500 |
| What was the cost of goods manufactured during the year? a. $370,000 | |
| b. $365,000 | |
| c. $343,000 | |
| d. $333,000 |
ANSWER: c
RATIONALE: SUPPORTING CALCULATIONS: $90,000 + $130,000 + $150,000 + $15,000 - $42,000 = $343,000
171. Which of the following is NOT an example of a difference between the income statement of a service organization and the income statement of a manufacturing organization?
a. A service company will never have work in process.
b. The service company will not have a finished goods inventory.
c. Fulfillment costs may be added to cost of goods sold of a service company.
d. Research and development expenses are not usually a major component of a service organization.
ANSWER: a
172. Which of the following items would NOT appear on an income statement of a service organization?
a. selling expenses
b. cost of goods sold
c. administrative expenses
d. gross margin
ANSWER: b
173. Which of the following items is NEVER relevant to the cost flows of a service organization?
a. finished goods inventory
b. materials inventory
c. work-in-process inventory
d. all of the above are always relevant.
ANSWER: a
174. Assume the following data for Rodriguez Services, an accounting firm, for November:
| Beginning materials inventory | $20,000 |
| Beginning work-in-process inventory | 40,000 |
| Ending work-in-process inventory | 50,000 |
| Ending materials inventory | 10,000 |
| Actual overhead costs | 100,000 |
| Direct materials used | 60,000 |
| Direct labor | 200,000 |
| What is the cost of services sold for November? a. $370,000 | |
| b. $350,000 | |
| c. $360,000 | |
| d. $330,000 |
ANSWER: b
RATIONALE: SUPPORTING CALCULATIONS: $60,000 + $200,000 + $100,000 + $40,000 - $50,000 = $350,000
Figure 2-16
A small engine repair shop purchased materials costing $9,000 in July. The beginning inventory of material parts was $4,500 and the ending inventory of material parts was $4,000. Payments for direct labor for July totaled $27,000, secretarial costs were $2,000, and overhead of $5,000 was incurred. In addition, $5,000 was spent on advertising and $2,000 for the franchise name. Revenue for July was $50,000.
175. Refer to Figure 2-16. What is the cost of services sold for July?
a. $41,500
b. $43,500
c. $50,500
d. $40,500
ANSWER: a
RATIONALE: SUPPORTING CALCULATIONS: $9,000 + $4,500 - $4,000 + $27,000 + $5,000 = $41,500
176. Refer to Figure 2-16. What is the gross margin for July?
a. $41,500
b. $43,500
c. $1,500
d. $8,500
ANSWER: d
RATIONALE: SUPPORTING CALCULATIONS: COSS = $9,000 + $4,500 - $4,000 + $27,000 + $5,000 = $41,500 GM =$50,000 - 41,500 = $8,500
177. One or more of the following is (are) a cost accounting system(s) that use(s) only unit-based activity drivers to assign costs to cost objects.
a. Activity-based management
b. Activity-based costing system
c. Functional-based cost management system
d. Both a and b
ANSWER: c
178. Which of the following would be associated with a functional-based cost accounting information system?
a. setup costs assigned to products using the number of setups as the driver
b. materials handling costs assigned to products using the number of moves as the activity driver
c. customer service costs assigned to products using the number of complaints as the activity driver
d. purchasing costs assigned to products using number of direct labor hours as the activity driver
ANSWER: d
179. In a functional-based management system, one is NOT likely to find
a. unit- and non-unit-based cost drivers.
b. maximization of individual unit performance.
c. narrow and rigid product costing.
d. allocation intensive cost assignment.
ANSWER: a
180. In a cost management system, the cost view does NOT include
a. resources.
b. activities.
c. driver analysis.
d. products and customers.
ANSWER: c
181. The system that focuses on the management of activities with the objective of improving the value received by the customer and the profit received by providing this value is called.
a. Activity-based management
b. Contemporary cost control
c. Functional-based cost management system
d. JIT
ANSWER: a
182. Which of the following items would be associated with both a functional-based cost accounting information system and an activity based cost information system?
a. Overhead is assigned on a plant-wide rate based on direct labor hours.
b. Customer service costs are assigned to products using number of complaints as the activity driver.
c. Direct labor cost is assigned to products using direct tracing.
d. None of these.
ANSWER: c
183. In a cost management system, the process view does NOT include
a. resources.
b. activities.
c. driver analysis.
d. performance analysis.
ANSWER: a
184. Which is NOT a benefit of an activity-based cost management system?
a. greater product costing accuracy
b. increased cost of implementing the system
c. improved decision making
d. enhanced strategic planning
ANSWER: b
185. In an activity-based management system, one is NOT likely to find
a. tracing of costs to activities.
b. only unit-based drivers.
c. broad flexible product costing.
d. systemwide performance maximization.
ANSWER: b
186. Which of the following is a trait of a functional-based cost management system?
a. unit-based drivers
b. tracing intensive
c. use of both financial and nonfinancial measures of performance
d. detailed activity information
ANSWER: a
187. Which of the following is NOT a trait of a functional-based cost management system?
a. unit-based drivers
b. narrow and rigid product costing
c. allocation-intensive
d. focus on managing activities
ANSWER: d
188. Which of the following is a trait of an activity-based cost management system?
a. allocation-intensive
b. narrow and rigid product costing
c. non-unit-based drivers
d. focus on managing costs
ANSWER: c
189. The optimal level in the trade-off between measurement and error costs is when
a. measurement costs are greater than error costs.
b. measurement costs and error costs are minimized.
c. measurement costs are less than error costs.
d. the total of measurement costs and error costs are maximized.
ANSWER: b
190. Error costs can be defined as
a. the costs associated with the measurements required by the cost management system.
b. unit costs assigned based on activities.
c. the costs associated with making poor decisions based on bad cost information.
d. none of these
ANSWER: c
191. Describe a cost management information system, its objectives, and major subsystems.
ANSWER: The cost management information system is an accounting information subsystem that is primarily concerned with producing outputs for internal users using inputs and processes needed to satisfy management objectives.
The objectives are as follows:
1. To provide information for costing out services, products, and other objects of interest to management.
2. To provide information for planning and control.
3. To provide information for decision making.
The major subsystems of a cost management information system are the cost accounting information system and the operational control information system.
192. The following items (partial list) are associated with a functional-based cost accounting information system, an activity-based cost accounting information system, or both:
a. materials purchasing cost incurrence
b. assignment of purchasing cost to products using direct labor hours
c. assignment of purchasing cost using number of purchase orders
d. usage of direct materials
e. direct materials cost assigned to products using direct tracing
f. materials handling cost incurrence
g. materials handling cost assigned using direct labor hours
h. materials handling cost assigned using the number of moves as the driver
i. computer
j. materials handling equipment
k. decision to make a part or buy it from a supplier
l. costing out of products
m. report detailing individual product costs
Required:
1. For an activity-based cost system, classify the items into one of the following categories:
a. interrelated parts
b. processes
c. objectives
d. inputs
e. outputs
f. user actions
2. How would the choices differ between the two systems? What are the costs and benefits of each?
ANSWER:
1. The activity-based cost accounting system:
a. interrelated parts: computer
b. processes: cost assignment: direct tracing of materials, driver tracing of purchasing costs (orders), materials handling cost (moves)
c. objectives: costing out of products
d. inputs: direct materials cost, purchasing cost, materials handling cost
e. outputs: product cost report
f. user actions: make-or-buy decision
2. The difference in the costing systems is found in the processes. A functional-based cost system would not use nonunit drivers such as moves and orders to assign overhead but would use a unit driver like direct labor hours. There is increased accuracy of the cost assignments in an activity- based system, and a more comprehensive idea of costs may be used for decision making.
The activity-based cost accounting system is more expensive to develop but has the benefit of more comprehensive uses for cost information. The functional-based cost system is simpler and less expensive to implement but the information generated is less versatile.
193. Explain the differences between direct tracing, driver tracing, and allocation.
ANSWER: Direct tracing is the process of identifying and assigning costs to a cost object that are specifically or physically associated with the cost object.
Driver tracing is assigning costs using drivers, which are causal factors. The driver approach relies on identification of factors that allegedly capture the causal relationship.
Allocation is the assignment of indirect costs to cost objects based on convenience or assumed linkages.
194. Classify the following costs incurred by a step railing manufacturing company as direct materials, direct labor, factory overhead, or period costs:
a. Wages paid to production workers
b. Utilities in the office
c. Depreciation on machinery in plant
d. Steel
e. Accountant's salary
f. Rent on factory building
g. Rent on office equipment
h. Maintenance workers' wages
i. Utilities in the plant
j. Maintenance on office equipment
ANSWER:
| a. | Direct labor | f. | Factory overhead |
| b. | Period | g. | Period |
| c. | Factory overhead | h. | Factory overhead |
| d. | Direct materials | i. | Factory overhead |
| e. | Period | j. | Period |
195. Big Foot Athletics designs and manufactures running shoes. A new model of shoes, Fast Track, has been developed and is ready for production.
Required:
Which costs will the production manager collect from the value chain, and how would these costs be used in different decisions?
a. traditional product costs
b. operating product costs
c. value-chain product costs
ANSWER: Production costs would be included in all of the above definitions.
a. traditional product costs: Direct materials, direct labor and manufacturing overhead
are the traditional product costs. They would be used for external reporting, budgeting, and control of costs.
b. operating product costs: In addition to the traditional product costs, marketing and
customer service costs would be considered in analyzing profitability of the product. Strategic questions about the operating design, i.e., materials and plant layout, would be addressed. The focus is on the revenue and cost of Fast Track.
c. value-chain product costs: Production costs of Fast Track must be viewed in relation to
other products. Strategic pricing and product mix decisions must be made. The profitability of all the product lines is at issue.
196. Information from the records of the Maloney Company for the month of May 2016 is as follows:
| Purchases of direct materials | $54,000 |
| Indirect labor | 15,000 |
| Direct labor | 31,200 |
| Depreciation on factory machinery | 9,000 |
| Sales | 165,900 |
| Selling and administrative expenses | 18,900 |
| Rent on factory building | 21,000 |
Inventories
| May 1, 2016 | May 31, 2016 | |
| Direct materials | $24,000 | $26,100 |
| Work in process | 6,300 | 9,600 |
| Finished goods | 15,000 | 17,100 |
| Required: |
a. Prepare a statement of cost of goods manufactured for the month of May.
b. Prepare an income statement for the month of May.
c. Determine prime and conversion costs.
ANSWER:
| a. | Maloney Company Statement of Cost of Goods Manufactured For the Month of May 2016 | |||
| Direct materials: | ||||
| Beginning inventory | $ 24,000 | |||
| Add: Purchases | 54,000 | | ||
| Materials available | $ 78,000 | |||
| Less: Ending inventory | 26,100 | | ||
| Direct materials used in production | $ 51,900 | |||
| Direct labor | 31,200 | |||
| Manufacturing overhead: | ||||
| Indirect labor | $ 15,000 | |||
| Depreciation on machinery | 9,000 | |||
| Rent on factory | 21,000 | 45,000 | ||
| Total manufacturing costs added | $128,100 | |||
| Add: Beginning work-in-process inventory | | 6,300 | ||
| Total costs in process | $134,400 | |||
| Less: Ending work-in-process inventory | | 9,600 | ||
| Cost of goods manufactured | | $124,800 | ||
| b. | Maloney Company Income Statement For the Month of May 2016 | |||
| Sales | $165,900 | |||
| Less: Cost of goods sold: | ||||
| Add: Cost of goods manufactured | $124,800 | |||
| Beginning inventory finished goods | 15,000 | | ||
| Cost of goods available for sale | $139,800 | |||
| Less: Ending inventory finished goods | 17,100 | 122,700 | ||
| Gross margin | $ 43,200 | |||
| Less: Selling and administrative expenses | | 18,900 | ||
| Operating income | | $ 24,300 | ||
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197. The following information pertains to the Montpelier Company:
Direct materials purchases $62,400
Beginning direct materials 10,400
Factory overhead 58,400
Beginning work in process 10,600
Cost of goods manufactured 164,000
Ending finished goods 20,000
Gross margin 21,000
Selling and administrative expenses 7,000
Beginning finished goods 16,000
Ending work in process 8,000
Ending direct materials 12,400
Direct labor ?
Direct materials used ?
Operating income (loss) ?
Total manufacturing costs added ?
Cost of goods sold ?
Sales ?
Required:
Determine the following values:
a. Net income
b. Total manufacturing costs added
c. Cost of goods sold
d. Sales
e. Direct materials used
f. Direct labor
ANSWER:
| a. | $21,000 – $7,000 = $14,000 |
| b. | $164,000 + $8,000 – $10,600 = $161,400 |
| c. | $16,000 + $164,000 – $20,000 = $160,000 |
| d. | $21,000 + $160,000* = $181,000 |
| e. | $10,400 + $62,400 - $12,400 = $60,400 |
| f. | $161,400** - $60,400*** – $58,400 = $42,600 |
| *Found in c | |
| **Found in b | |
| ***Found in e |
198. Information about Mobile Enterprises for the year ending December 31, 2016, is as follows:
| Sales | $300,000 |
| Selling and administrative expenses | 18,000 |
| Net income | 8,000 |
| Beginning inventories: Direct materials | 20,000 |
Work in process 18,000
Finished goods 62,000
Ending direct materials is 20 percent larger than beginning direct materials. Ending work in process is half of the beginning work in process. Ending finished goods increased by $8,000 during the year. Prime costs and conversion costs are 70 percent and 60 percent of total manufacturing costs added, respectively. Materials purchases are
$113,200.
Required:
a. Prepare a statement of cost of goods manufactured.
b. Prepare an income statement.
Note: Find the numbers for the income statement first.
ANSWER:
| a. | |
| Mobile Enterprises Statement of Cost of Goods Manufactured For the Year Ended December 31, 2016 | |
| Direct materials: | |
| Beginning inventory* | $ 20,000 |
| Add: Purchases* | 113,200 |
| Materials available | $133,200 |
| Less: Ending inventory* ($20,000 ´ 1.20) | 24,000 |
| Direct materials used in production | $109,200 |
| Direct labor [(.7 ´ 273,000) – 109,200] | 81,900 |
| Manufacturing overhead [(.6 ´ 273,000) – 81,900] | 81,900 |
| Total manufacturing costs added | $273,000 |
| Add: Beginning work-in-process inventory* | 18,000 |
| Total costs in process | $291,000 |
| Less: Ending work-in-process inventory* ($18,000 ´ 0.50) | 9,000 |
| Cost of goods manufactured | $282,000 |
| b. | ||
| Mobile Enterprises Income Statement For the Year Ended December 31, 2016 | ||
| Sales* | $300,000 | |
| Less: Cost of goods sold: | ||
| Add: Cost of goods manufactured | $282,000 | |
| Beginning inventory finished goods* | 62,000 | |
| Cost of goods available for sale | $344,000 | |
| Less: Ending inventory finished goods* ($62,000 + $8,000) | 70,000 | 274,000 |
| Gross margin | $ 26,000 | |
| Less: Selling and administrative expenses* | 18,000 | |
| Operating income* | $ 8,000 |
*These items are provided.
199. The following costs were incurred by the Awesome Company:
| Direct labor | $600,000 |
| Direct material purchases | 555,000 |
| Depreciation on plant | 30,000 |
| Factory supervisor's salary | 75,000 |
| Plant maintenance | 15,000 |
| Plant utilities | 27,000 |
| Sales | 1,950,000 |
| Selling and administrative expenses | 300,000 |
| Beginning direct materials inventory | 51,000 |
| Beginning work-in-process inventory | 24,000 |
| Beginning finished goods inventory | 54,000 |
| Ending direct materials inventory | 45,000 |
| Ending work in process | 39,000 |
| Ending finished goods | 72,000 |
| Required: Calculate the following values: |
a. Direct materials used
b. Cost of goods manufactured
c. Cost of goods sold
d. Operating income
ANSWER:
| a. | $51,000 + $555,000 – $45,000 = $561,000 |
| b. | $561,000 + $600,000 + $75,000 + $30,000 + $15,000 + $27,000 + $24,000 – $39,000 = $1,293,000 |
| c. | $54,000 + $1,293,000 – $72,000 = $1,275,000 |
| d. | $1,950,000 – $1,275,000 – $300,000 = $375,000 |
200. Foremost Corporation incurred the following costs:
| Beginning direct materials inventory | $17,000 |
| Beginning work-in-process inventory | 8,000 |
| Beginning finished goods inventory | 18,000 |
| Ending direct materials inventory | 15,000 |
| Ending work in process | 13,000 |
| Ending finished goods | 24,000 |
| Factory supervisor's salary | 25,000 |
| Depreciation on plant | 10,000 |
| Sales | 650,000 |
| Selling and administrative expenses | 100,000 |
| Plant maintenance | 5,000 |
| Plant utilities | 9,000 |
| Direct material purchases | 185,000 |
| Direct labor | 200,000 |
| Required: Calculate the following values: |
a. Direct materials used
b. Cost of goods manufactured
c. Cost of goods sold
d. Operating income
ANSWER:
a. $17,000 + $185,000 – $15,000 = $187,000
b. $187,000 + $200,000 + $25,000 + $10,000 + $5,000 + $9,000 + $8,000 – $13,000 = $431,000
c. $18,000 + $431,000 – $24,000 = $425,000
d. $650,000 – $425,000 – $100,000 = $125,000
201. Corlis Custom Builders designs decks, gazebos, and play equipment for residential homes. The following was provided for the year ended September 30, 2016:
| Direct labor | $600,000 |
| Direct material purchases | 40,000 |
| Administrative | 130,000 |
| Overhead | 75,000 |
| Selling | 265,000 |
| Beginning direct materials inventory | 20,000 |
| Beginning designs in process | 14,000 |
| Ending direct materials inventory | 10,000 |
| Ending designs in process | 39,000 |
The average design fee is $700. There were 2,000 designs processed during the year.
Required:
a. Prepare a statement of cost of services sold.
b. Prepare an income statement.
c. Discuss three differences between services and tangible products.
ANSWER:
| a. | Corlis Custom Builders Cost of Services Sold For the Year Ended September 30, 2014 | ||||
| Beginning materials | $ 20,000 | ||||
| Purchases | 40,000 | ||||
| Materials available | 60,000 | ||||
| Less | Ending materials | 10,000 | |||
| Materials used | 50,000 | ||||
| Direct labor | 600,000 | ||||
| Overhead | 75,000 | ||||
| Beginning design in process | 14,000 | ||||
| Ending designs in process | 39,000 | ||||
| Cost of Services Sold | $700,000 | ||||
| b. | Corlis Custom Builders Income Statement For the Year Ended September 30, 2014 | ||||
| Sales | $1,400,000 | ||||
| Cost of services sold | 700,000 | ||||
| Gross margin | 700,000 | ||||
| Selling | 265,000 | ||||
| Administrative | 130,000 | ||||
| Net income | $ 305,000 | ||||
| c. | Services have three attributes that are not possessed by tangible products: intangibility, perishability, and inseparability. | ||||
.
202. Define activity-based management. In your answer, present the activity-based management model in good form.
ANSWER: Activity-based management focuses on the management of activities with the objective of improving the value received by the customer and the profit received by providing this value; it includes driver analysis, activity analysis, and performance evaluation and draws on activity-based costing as a major source of information. Exhibit 2-7 in the text presents the model.
203. In choosing a cost management system, the controller must balance the total costs of implementing such systems. What costs must be balanced to determine total cost? How do functional-based and activity-based cost systems balance the trade-offs?
ANSWER: Error costs and measurement costs must be considered in choosing a cost management system.
Activity-based cost management has greater measurement costs due to analyzing many activities but has greater accuracy and fewer error costs. Functional-based cost systems have lower measurement costs but higher error costs. Controllers must assess the need for accuracy in costing, pricing, and managing profitability.
204. The cost of goods sold for the Immaculate Corporation for the month of April 2016 was $450,000. Work-in-process inventory at the end of April was 95 percent of the work-in-process inventory at the beginning of the month. Overhead is 80 percent of the direct labor cost. During the month, $110,000 of direct materials were purchased. Revenues for Immaculate were $600,000, and the selling and administrative costs were $70,000.
Other information about Immaculate's inventories and production for April was as follows:
Ending inventories-April 30
Direct materials $19,000
Work in process ?
Finished goods 105,000
|
Required:
a. Prepare a cost of goods manufactured and cost of goods sold statements.
b. Prepare an income statement.
c. What are the prime costs, conversion costs, and period costs?
ANSWER: a.
| Immaculate Corporation Statement of Cost of Goods Manufactured For Month of April 2016 | ||||
| Direct materials: | ||||
| Beginning inventory* | $ 22,200 | |||
| Add: Purchases* | 110,000 | |||
| Materials available | $132,200 | |||
| Less: Ending inventory* | 19,000 | |||
| Direct materials used in production | $113,200 | |||
| Direct labor below | 128,500 | |||
| Manufacturing overhead ($128,500 ´ 0.80) | 102,800 | |||
| Total manufacturing costs added | $344,500 | |||
| Add: Beginning work-in-process inventory* | 40,000 | |||
| Total costs in process | $384,500 | |||
| Less: Ending work-in-process inventory ($40,000 ´ 0.95) | 38,000 | |||
| Cost of goods manufactured (from COGS statement) | $346,500 | |||
| DM used = $22,200 + $110,000 – $19,000 = $113,200 CGM = $450,000 + $105,000 – $208,500 = $346,500 | ||||
| Total manufacturing costs added = DM + DL + MOH | ||||
| $344,500 = 113,200 + DL + MOH | ||||
| $231,300 = DL + MOH | ||||
| $231,300 = DL + {MOH = 0.80 ´ DL} | ||||
| $231,300 = DL + .8DL | ||||
| $231,300 = 1.8DL | ||||
| $128,500 = DL | ||||
| MOH = 0.80 ´ DL | ||||
| MOH = 0.80 ´ 128,500 = 102,800 | ||||
Immaculate Corporation Cost of Goods Sold Statement
For Month of April 2016
| Cost of goods sold*: | |
| Add: Cost of goods manufactured | $346,500 |
| Beginning inventory finished goods* | 208,500 |
| Cost of goods available for sale | $555,000 |
| Less: Ending inventory finished goods* | 105,000 |
| Cost of Goods Sold* | $450,000 |
| *These items are provided. b. |
Immaculate Company Income Statement
For Month of April 2016
| Sales* | $600,000 | |
| Less: Cost of goods sold*: | ||
| Add: Cost of goods manufactured | $346,500 | |
| Beginning inventory finished goods* | 208,500 | |
| Cost of goods available for sale | $555,000 | |
| Less: Ending inventory finished goods* | 105,000 | 450,000 |
| Gross margin | $150,000 | |
| Less: Selling and administrative expenses* | 70,000 | |
| Operating income | $ 80,000 | |
| *These items are provided. |
c. Conversion costs = direct labor and overhead = $231,300
= $128,500 + $102,800 = $231,300
Prime costs = DM + DL = $113,200 + $128,500 = $241,700
Period costs = $70,000
205. Describe several of the major differences between a functional-based cost management system and an activity-based cost management system.
ANSWER: The functional-based cost accounting system assumes that all costs can be classified as fixed or variable with respect to changes in the units or volume of product produced.
The activity-based cost management system's objective is to improve the quality, content, relevance, and timing of information.
A comparison of the two systems is shown below:
| Functional-based | Activity-based | ||||
| 1. | Unit-based drivers | 1. | Unit and nonunit-based drivers | ||
| 2. | Allocation-intensive | 2. | Tracing-intensive | ||
| 3. | Narrow and rigid product costing | 3. | Broad, flexible product costing | ||
| 4. | Focus on managing costs | 4. | Focus on managing activities | ||
| 5. | Sparse activity information | 5. | Detailed activity information | ||
| 6. | Maximization of individual | 6. | Systemwide performance | ||
| unit performance | maximization | ||||
| 7. | Uses financial measures of | 7. | Uses both financial and | ||
| performance | nonfinancial measures of | ||||
| performance | |||||
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