Global Marketing, 8/E Warren J. Keegan Mark Green Solutions manual and test bank
Global Marketing, 8e (Keegan/Green)
Chapter 2 The Global Economic Environment
1) President Franklin Roosevelt launched the Works Progress Administration (WPA) which put millions of Americans back to work.
Answer: TRUE
Difficulty: Easy
Chapter LO: 1
AACSB: Reflective thinking
Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing
2) The Cold War decades that followed World War II saw the East and the West jockeying for geopolitical advantage.
Answer: TRUE
Difficulty: Easy
Chapter LO: 1
AACSB: Reflective thinking
Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing
3) People or organizations with needs and wants and the willingness and ability to buy or sell represent the definition of a market.
Answer: TRUE
Difficulty: Easy
Chapter LO: 1
AACSB: Reflective thinking
Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing
4) The BRICS nations and other emerging markets are also home to companies that are challenging established global giants at home and abroad.
Answer: TRUE
Difficulty: Easy
Chapter LO: 1
AACSB: Reflective thinking
Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing
5) The lack of employment as seen in the recent times is indicative of the fact that manufacturing is in decline.
Answer: FALSE
Difficulty: Easy
Chapter LO: 1
AACSB: Reflective thinking
Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing
6) Today, market capitalism is widely practiced around the world, most notably in North America and the European Union.
Answer: TRUE
Difficulty: Easy
Chapter LO: 1
AACSB: Reflective thinking
Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing
7) In centrally planned socialism economic systems, the state allocates resources, whereas production resources are privately owned.
Answer: FALSE
Difficulty: Easy
Chapter LO: 2
AACSB: Reflective thinking
Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing
8) In Sweden, where the government controls two-thirds of all expenditures, resource allocation is more "market" oriented than "command" oriented.
Answer: FALSE
Difficulty: Difficult
Chapter LO: 2
AACSB: Reflective thinking
Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing
9) According to the 2013 Index of Economic Freedom compiled by the Heritage Foundation, Hong Kong is ranked as having the highest degree of economic freedom.
Answer: TRUE
Difficulty: Easy
Chapter LO: 2
AACSB: Reflective thinking
Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing
10) As per the listings of the 2013 Index of Economic Freedom by the Heritage Foundation, there is a high correlation between the degree of economic freedom and the extent to which a nation's mixed economy is market-oriented.
Answer: TRUE
Difficulty: Moderate
Chapter LO: 3
AACSB: Reflective thinking
Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing
11) Cuba and North Korea are the only two countries where Coca-Cola is not available through authorized channels.
Answer: TRUE
Difficulty: Easy
Chapter LO: 3
AACSB: Reflective thinking
Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing
12) The death of Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez in March 2013 marked the end of an era, where he toyed with the idea of pursuing a "third way" to economic growth.
Answer: TRUE
Difficulty: Moderate
Chapter LO: 3
AACSB: Reflective thinking
Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing
13) The World Bank has developed a four-category classification system for stages of marketing development which uses per capita gross national income (GNI) as a base.
Answer: TRUE
Difficulty: Easy
Chapter LO: 3
AACSB: Reflective thinking
Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing
14) About 25% of the world population is included into the low-income economic countries category as per the World Bank classification system.
Answer: FALSE
Difficulty: Easy
Chapter LO: 3
AACSB: Reflective thinking
Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing
15) Although Bangladesh is categorized in the low-income countries, they have genuine market opportunities, particularly in the garment industry.
Answer: TRUE
Difficulty: Moderate
Chapter LO: 3
AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environment
Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing
16) Myanmar, a low-income country in Southeast Asia with a population of 65 million people, can be considered as one of the emerging markets.
Answer: TRUE
Difficulty: Moderate
Chapter LO: 3
AACSB: Analytical thinking
Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing
17) According to the Asian Development Bank, only about one-quarter of Myanmar's population has access to reliable electricity, and power shortages and outages are not unusual.
Answer: TRUE
Difficulty: Easy
Chapter LO: 3
AACSB: Reflective thinking
Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing
18) With a 2011 GNI per capita of $1,410, India has transitioned out of the low-income category and is now classified as an upper-middle-income country, also known as an industrializing or developing country.
Answer: FALSE
Difficulty: Moderate
Chapter LO: 3
AACSB: Analytical thinking
Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing
19) Grocery distribution companies in Brazil use logistics software to route their trucks; meanwhile, horse-drawn carts are still a common sight on many roads.
Answer: TRUE
Difficulty: Moderate
Chapter LO: 3
AACSB: Analytical thinking
Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing
20) In Brazil, Daimler AG works with a cooperative of farmers who transform coconut husks into natural rubber to be used in auto seats, headrests, and sun visors.
Answer: TRUE
Difficulty: Moderate
Chapter LO: 3
AACSB: Application of knowledge
Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing
21) Product and market opportunities in postindustrial society are heavily dependent upon new products and innovations.
Answer: TRUE
Difficulty: Moderate
Chapter LO: 3
AACSB: Analytical thinking
Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing
22) The thirty nations that belong to the OECD, who believe in market-allocation economic systems and pluralistic democracy, addressed the vexing problem of bribery by requiring members to cooperate when pursuing bribery allegations.
Answer: TRUE
Difficulty: Moderate
Chapter LO: 3
AACSB: Analytical thinking
Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing
23) The CEO of Otis Elevators says they measure elevator populations in countries as units installed per thousand people. According to this, China is about half an elevator per thousand people.
Answer: TRUE
Difficulty: Moderate
Chapter LO: 3
AACSB: Analytical thinking
Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing
24) The "balance of payments" is a record of all economic transactions between the residents of a country and the developed countries of the world.
Answer: FALSE
Difficulty: Moderate
Chapter LO: 4
AACSB: Analytical thinking
Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing
25) A country with a positive current account balance has a trade deficit; that is, the outflow of money to pay for imports exceeds the inflow of money for sales of exports.
Answer: FALSE
Difficulty: Moderate
Chapter LO: 4
AACSB: Application of knowledge
Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing
26) The important fact to recognize about the overall balance of payments is that it is always in balance, although imbalances do occur in subsets of the overall balance.
Answer: TRUE
Difficulty: Difficult
Chapter LO: 5
AACSB: Application of knowledge
Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing
27) The foreign exchange market consists literally of a buyer's and a seller's market where currencies are traded for both spot and future delivery on a continuous basis. The forward market is for immediate delivery and the spot market is for future delivery.
Answer: FALSE
Difficulty: Difficult
Chapter LO: 6
AACSB: Analytical thinking
Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing
28) When a company conducts business across boundaries in countries with different currencies, it is thrust into the turbulent world of exchange risk.
Answer: TRUE
Difficulty: Moderate
Chapter LO: 6
AACSB: Analytical thinking
Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing
29) A country's currency would be overvalued if the Big Mac price (converted to dollars) is lower than the U.S. price.
Answer: FALSE
Difficulty: Moderate
Chapter LO: 6
AACSB: Application of knowledge
Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing
30) Hedging exchange rate exposure involves establishing an offsetting currency position such that the loss or gain of one currency position is offset by a corresponding gain or loss in some other currency.
Answer: TRUE
Difficulty: Moderate
Chapter LO: 6
AACSB: Application of knowledge
Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing
31) During the past two decades, the world economic environment has become increasingly dynamic. To achieve success, executives and marketers must take into account all of the following realities except:
A) capital movements have replaced trade as the driving force of the world economy.
B) production has become "uncoupled" from employment.
C) the world economy dominates the scene.
D) the struggle between capitalism and socialism continues.
E) the growth of e-commerce diminishes the importance of national barriers.
Answer: D
Difficulty: Moderate
Chapter LO: 1
AACSB: Application of knowledge
Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing
32) The Gross Domestic Product (GDP), a measure of a nation's economic activity, is calculated by all of the following factors except:
A) consumer spending.
B) investment spending.
C) government purchases
D) industry purchases.
E) net exports.
Answer: D
Difficulty: Difficult
Chapter LO: 1
AACSB: Application of knowledge
Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing
33) The demise of communism as an economic and political system can be explained by all of the following facts except:
A) communism is not an effective economic system.
B) relatively superior performance of the world's market economies.
C) communism works when the currency exchange rate is weak.
D) difficult to manage national economies with a single central plan.
E) increased public participation in matters of state.
Answer: C
Difficulty: Moderate
Chapter LO: 1
AACSB: Reflective thinking
Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing
34) Traditionally economists identified main types of economic systems, which include all of the following except:
A) market capitalism.
B) market socialism.
C) centrally planned socialism.
D) centrally planned capitalism.
E) centrally planned nationalism.
Answer: E
Difficulty: Moderate
Chapter LO: 2
AACSB: Reflective thinking
Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing
35) Market capitalism is an economic system in which:
A) individuals and firms allocate resources and production resources that are privately owned.
B) the state has broad powers to serve the public interest as it sees fit.
C) market resource allocation is commanded by both private and state ownership.
D) there is no correlation between economic freedom and a nation's economy.
E) market-oriented economies function in an identical manner.
Answer: A
Difficulty: Moderate
Chapter LO: 2
AACSB: Reflective thinking
Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing
36) One of the distinguishing features of a Centrally Planned Capitalism economic system is:
A) all production resources are privately owned.
B) the state has broad powers to serve the public interest as it sees fit.
C) command resource allocation is utilized extensively in a private resource ownership environment.
D) market allocation policies are permitted within an environment of state ownership.
E) none of the above
Answer: C
Difficulty: Moderate
Chapter LO: 2
AACSB: Analytical thinking
Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing
37) For decades, the economies of China, the former Soviet Union, and India functioned according to the tenets of:
A) market capitalism.
B) market socialism.
C) centrally planned socialism.
D) centrally planned capitalism.
E) market capitalism and socialistic capitalism.
Answer: C
Difficulty: Moderate
Chapter LO: 2
AACSB: Reflective thinking
Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing
38) The Swedish government has significant holdings in key business sectors and has a hybrid economic system that incorporates:
A) market capitalism and centrally planned socialism.
B) centrally planned socialism and market socialism.
C) centrally planned socialism and capitalism.
D) market socialism and market capitalism.
E) market capitalism and socialistic capitalism.
Answer: C
Difficulty: Moderate
Chapter LO: 2
AACSB: Reflective thinking
Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing
39) The Washington, D.C.-based Heritage Foundation survey consists of over 175 countries ranked by degree of economic freedom. The key economic variables considered for this ranking includes all of the following except:
A) taxation policy.
B) government consumption of economic output.
C) percent foreign ownership.
D) banking policy.
E) wage and price control.
Answer: C
Difficulty: Moderate
Chapter LO: 3
AACSB: Reflective thinking
Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing
40) The only two countries where Coca-Cola is not available through authorized channels are:
A) India and China.
B) North Korea and South Korea.
C) Cuba and North Korea.
D) Cuba and Venezuela.
E) Singapore and Indonesia.
Answer: C
Difficulty: Easy
Chapter LO: 3
AACSB: Reflective thinking
Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing
41) Singapore banned the import, manufacture, and sales of chewing gum in the country since wads of gum were making a mess on sidewalks, buses, and subway trains. Violators are subject to severe penalties, and before buying a pack consumers must register their names and addresses. This, according to author William Greider, demonstrates that Singapore's government:
A) is harshly autocratic.
B) administers a paranoid control over Singaporeans.
C) administers a paranoid control over press and politics.
D) runs an effective welfare state.
E) all of the above
Answer: E
Difficulty: Easy
Chapter LO: 3
AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environment
Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing
42) Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez believed in all of the following aspects except:
A) nationalization of international companies.
B) imposition of currency controls.
C) free-market economic policies.
D) capitalism is a structural crisis.
E) energy pact known as Petrocribe.
Answer: E
Difficulty: Easy
Chapter LO: 3
AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environment
Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing
43) Low-income countries have a GNI per capita of $1,025 or less. The general characteristics shared by countries at this income level include all of the following except:
A) high literacy rates.
B) high birth rates.
C) heavy reliance on foreign aid.
D) political unrest.
E) high agricultural population.
Answer: A
Difficulty: Easy
Chapter LO: 3
AACSB: Reflective thinking
Course LO: Identify and describe the processes and tools of strategic marketing
44) Myanmar is considered as one of the emerging markets open for business. All of the following facts pertain to Myanmar except:
A) Myanmar is a low-income country in Southeast Asia.
B) Myanmar has a population of 65 million people.
C) Myanmar is one of the countries considered as "Stans."
D) Myanmar's citizens elected a president.
E) Only one quarter of Myanmar's population has access to electricity.
Answer: C
Difficulty: Moderate
Chapter LO: 3
AACSB: Reflective thinking
Course LO: Identify and describe the processes and tools of strategic marketing
45) The majority of the world's population is included in the following economic category:
A) high-income countries.
B) upper-middle-income countries.
C) lower-middle-income countries.
D) low-income countries.
E) lower-upper-income countries.
Answer: C
Difficulty: Moderate
Chapter LO: 3
AACSB: Analytical thinking
Course LO: Identify and describe the processes and tools of strategic marketing
46) With a 2011 GNI per capital of $1,410, India has transitioned out from the former category and now is classified as a(n):
A) low-income country.
B) upper-middle-income country.
C) lower-middle-income country.
D) upper-income country.
E) lower-upper-income country.
Answer: C
Difficulty: Moderate
Chapter LO: 3
AACSB: Analytical thinking
Course LO: Identify and describe the processes and tools of strategic marketing
47) Upper-middle-income countries, also known as industrializing or developing countries are those with GNI per capita ranging from:
A) $996 to $3,945.
B) $4,036 to $12,475.
C) $12,475 or higher.
D) less than $995.
E) None of the above
Answer: B
Difficulty: Moderate
Chapter LO: 3
AACSB: Analytical thinking
Course LO: Identify and describe the processes and tools of strategic marketing
48) Among the upper-middle-income countries, also known as industrializing or developing countries, the following aspects are observed except:
A) the CNI per capita ranges from $4,036 to $12,475.
B) the percentage of the population engaged in agriculture drops sharply.
C) people move to the industrial sector.
D) the degree of urbanization increases.
E) None of the above
Answer: E
Difficulty: Moderate
Chapter LO: 3
AACSB: Analytical thinking
Course LO: Identify and describe the processes and tools of strategic marketing
49) The general characteristics shared by low-income countries do not include:
A) high birth rates.
B) low literacy rates.
C) concentration in Africa south of the Sahara.
D) heavy reliance on foreign aid.
E) lack of genuine market opportunities.
Answer: E
Difficulty: Easy
Chapter LO: 3
AACSB: Analytical thinking
Course LO: Identify and describe the processes and tools of strategic marketing
50) All of the following facts pertain to Brazil except:
A) Brazil is the largest country in Latin America.
B) Brazil boasts the richest reserves of natural resources in the hemisphere.
C) Brazil's top trading partner is China.
D) Brazil's GNI has grown at an average annual rate of 4 percent over the past 8 years.
E) Brazil lacks logistics software, horse-drawn carts are still a common sight on many roads.
Answer: E
Difficulty: Difficult
Chapter LO: 4
AACSB: Analytical thinking
Course LO: Identify and describe the processes and tools of strategic marketing
51) All of the following facts pertain to China except:
A) China is in the upper-middle-income category.
B) China is the largest single destination for foreign investment in the developing world.
C) China is a member of the World Trade Organization.
D) China has sprawling bureaucracy.
E) China lacks infrastructure.
Answer: D
Difficulty: Moderate
Chapter LO: 4
AACSB: Analytical thinking
Course LO: Identify and describe the processes and tools of strategic marketing
52) Prahalad and Hammond have identified several assumptions and misconceptions about the "bottom of the pyramid" (BOP) that need to be corrected. All of the following mistaken assumptions are correct except:
A) The poor are too concerned with fulfilling basic needs to "waste" money on nonessential goods.
B) The goods sold in developing markets are so expensive that there is no room for a new market entrant to make a profit.
C) The poor have no money.
D) People in BOP markets cannot use advanced technology.
E) Global companies that target BOP markets will be criticized for exploiting the poor.
Answer: B
Difficulty: Difficult
Chapter LO: 4
AACSB: Analytical thinking
Course LO: Identify and describe the processes and tools of strategic marketing
53) Global marketers should take note of the fact that almost half of the world's population is located in:
A) low-income countries.
B) lower-middle-income countries.
C) upper-middle-income countries.
D) high-income countries.
E) higher-middle-income countries.
Answer: B
Difficulty: Easy
Chapter LO: 4
AACSB: Reflective thinking
Course LO: Identify and describe the processes and tools of strategic marketing
54) The United Nations designates 50 countries in the bottom ranks of the low-income category named as:
A) Low-income countries.
B) Lower-middle-income countries.
C) BRIC countries.
D) Developing countries.
E) LDCs (least-developed countries).
Answer: E
Difficulty: Easy
Chapter LO: 4
AACSB: Reflective thinking
Course LO: Identify and describe the processes and tools of strategic marketing
55) Upper-middle-income countries are also known as:
A) Industrializing countries.
B) BRIC countries.
C) Stabilized countries.
D) Manufacturing countries.
E) Agricultural countries.
Answer: A
Difficulty: Easy
Chapter LO: 4
AACSB: Reflective thinking
Course LO: Identify and describe the processes and tools of strategic marketing
56) Upper-middle-income countries that achieve the highest rates of economic growth are sometimes referred to collectively as:
A) LDCs.
B) BEMs.
C) BRICs.
D) NIEs.
E) BOPs.
Answer: D
Difficulty: Easy
Chapter LO: 4
AACSB: Analytical thinking
Course LO: Identify and describe the processes and tools of strategic marketing
57) Which of the following nations fall in the lower-middle-income category?
A) Burundi
B) Bangladesh
C) Egypt
D) Venezuela
E) none of the above
Answer: C
Difficulty: Moderate
Chapter LO: 4
AACSB: Analytical thinking
Course LO: Identify and describe the processes and tools of strategic marketing
58) Nike produces only a small portion of its output in China, but when the firm refers to China as a "two-billion-foot market," it is referring to the fact that:
A) the Chinese do not wear shoes.
B) the Chinese shoe market is very competitive.
C) China can develop its own shoe market.
D) it will take a long time for China to develop future market.
E) China is a potential future market.
Answer: E
Difficulty: Moderate
Chapter LO: 5
AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environment
Course LO: Identify and describe the processes and tools of strategic marketing
59) According to the authors of the Harvard Business Review article, "Serving the World's Poor, Profitably", which of the following is a mistaken assumption that global companies might have about the BOP (bottom of the pyramid)?
A) The poor have no money.
B) The poor are too concerned with fulfilling basic needs to "waste" money on nonessential goods.
C) People in BOP markets will be criticized for exploiting the poor.
D) People in BOP markets cannot use advanced technology.
E) All of the above are mistaken assumptions discussed by the authors.
Answer: E
Difficulty: Difficult
Chapter LO: 4
AACSB: Analytical thinking
Course LO: Identify and describe the processes and tools of strategic marketing
60) Pursuing alternative sources of energy, such as wind and solar power, is important due to the fact that:
A) people in developing countries are more conscious about the environment.
B) global marketers are more interested in publicizing environmental issues.
C) it is easy to develop solar power in many parts of the world.
D) heavy reliance on fossil fuels contributes to global warming.
E) people worldwide can afford to buy power generated from wind and solar.
Answer: D
Difficulty: Difficult
Chapter LO: 4
AACSB: Analytical thinking
Course LO: Identify and describe the processes and tools of strategic marketing
61) Which two companies are sourcing product components from small-scale enterprises, which in turn are helping preserve old-growth forests as well as economic opportunities in Brazil?
A) Ford Motor Company and Armani
B) Daimler AG and Hermes
C) General Motors and Hugo Boss
D) Volkswagen and Coach
E) Coca-Cola and Nestlé
Answer: B
Difficulty: Moderate
Chapter LO: 4
AACSB: Reflective thinking
Course LO: Identify and describe the processes and tools of strategic marketing
62) Product and market opportunities in a postindustrial society are more heavily dependent upon new products and innovations than in industrial societies. An example of this would be:
A) Nestlé marketing Bono brand cookies in Brazil.
B) Coca-Cola Company developing a beverage Vintago in low-income countries.
C) New e-commerce markets for interactive forms of electronic communication.
D) Hermes creating handbags called Amazonia.
E) India's Suzlon Energy using wind-driven turbines.
Answer: C
Difficulty: Moderate
Chapter LO: 4
AACSB: Reflective thinking
Course LO: Identify and describe the processes and tools of strategic marketing
63) Which country was upgraded from "emerging" to "developed" status by the Financial Times Stock Exchange (FTSE) in 2009?
A) United States
B) South Korea
C) Britain
D) Italy
E) Malaysia
Answer: B
Difficulty: Moderate
Chapter LO: 5
AACSB: Reflective thinking
Course LO: Identify and describe the processes and tools of strategic marketing
64) The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) is comprised of:
A) the 34 high-income countries.
B) countries that believe in market-allocation economic systems.
C) pluralistic democracies.
D) countries that demonstrate progress toward economic reform.
E) All of the above statements are applicable.
Answer: E
Difficulty: Moderate
Chapter LO: 5
AACSB: Reflective thinking
Course LO: Identify and describe the processes and tools of strategic marketing
65) The term "Expanded Triad" includes all of the following countries or regions except:
A) Japan.
B) United States.
C) Canada.
D) Mexico.
E) Russia.
Answer: E
Difficulty: Moderate
Chapter LO: 5
AACSB: Reflective thinking
Course LO: Identify and describe the processes and tools of strategic marketing
66) Recently, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) has become more focused on global issues, social policy, and labor market regulations as seen by:
A) addressing the vexing problem of bribery.
B) requiring members to cooperate when pursuing bribery allegations.
C) helping members candidly assess their own economic policies.
D) member nations working together in committees to review social policies.
E) all of the above
Answer: E
Difficulty: Moderate
Chapter LO: 4
AACSB: Reflective thinking
Course LO: Identify and describe the processes and tools of strategic marketing
67) Which of the following is true about the Triad?
A) Triad countries account for approximately one-third of world income and one- third of world population.
B) Triad countries account for approximately 75% of world income as measured by GNP.
C) Triad countries are those in which consumer products, industrial products, and the services sector each contribute one-third to GDP.
D) Triad countries account for approximately 25% of world income as measured by GNP.
E) Triad countries account for approximately 50% of world income as measured by the World Bank.
Answer: B
Difficulty: Moderate
Chapter LO: 4
AACSB: Analytical thinking
Course LO: Identify and describe the processes and tools of strategic marketing
68) Which of the following statements is not accurate?
A) India's teledensity—a measure of ownership of private telephones—is only 20% of population.
B) In China, saturation levels of private motor vehicles and personal computers (PCs) are quite low.
C) In 2001, EU had 49 cars per 100 people.
D) In Russia, 200 people out of 1,000 own cars.
E) In India, 150 people out of 1,000 own cars.
Answer: E
Difficulty: Moderate
Chapter LO: 5
AACSB: Reflective thinking
Course LO: Identify and describe the processes and tools of strategic marketing
69) The "balance of payments" is a record of all economic transactions between the residents of a country and the rest of the world. It is divided into the current and capital accounts. Current accounts include all of the following except:
A) balance on goods.
B) portfolio investments.
C) balance on services.
D) goods imports.
E) goods exports.
Answer: B
Difficulty: Moderate
Chapter LO: 6
AACSB: Analytical thinking
Course LO: Identify and describe the processes and tools of strategic marketing
70) Measuring elevator populations in countries measured as units installed per thousand people gives an estimate of the market for elevators. That China has about one half an elevator per thousand people is indicative of:
A) low product saturation level.
B) high product saturation level.
C) high population level.
D) high technological level.
E) low technological level.
Answer: A
Difficulty: Moderate
Chapter LO: 6
AACSB: Analytical thinking
Course LO: Identify and describe the processes and tools of strategic marketing
71) The United States' growing trade deficit reflects a number of factors which exclude:
A) increased imports from China.
B) a seemingly insatiable consumer demand for imported goods.
C) the enormous cost of military operations in the Middle East.
D) the services trade surplus.
E) record goods sales to developing countries.
Answer: D
Difficulty: Moderate
Chapter LO: 6
AACSB: Analytical thinking
Course LO: Identify and describe the processes and tools of strategic marketing
72) The fastest-growing sector of world trade includes:
A) travel and entertainment.
B) accounting and legal services.
C) royalties and license fees.
D) engineering services.
E) all of the above
Answer: E
Difficulty: Moderate
Chapter LO: 6
AACSB: Analytical thinking
Course LO: Identify and describe the processes and tools of strategic marketing
73) Devaluation can result from government action or an economic crisis. In August 1998, the Russian economy imploded. As a result, all of the following listed events happened except:
A) the ruble plunged in value.
B) the government defaulted on its foreign debt obligation.
C) many Russians faced wage cuts and layoffs.
D) Russia's economy did not recover from the impact.
E) savings were wiped out as banks collapsed.
Answer: D
Difficulty: Moderate
Chapter LO: 6
AACSB: Reflective thinking
Course LO: Identify and describe the processes and tools of strategic marketing
74) To the extent that a country sells more goods and services abroad than it buys, there will be:
A) a greater demand for its currency.
B) a surplus production of goods and services.
C) a scarcity of goods and services within the country.
D) a need for revaluation of its currency.
E) time for fluctuating its currency.
Answer: A
Difficulty: Moderate
Chapter LO: 6
AACSB: Analytical thinking
Course LO: Identify and describe the processes and tools of strategic marketing
75) The top global merchandise exporter is:
A) China.
B) Germany.
C) the United States.
D) Japan.
E) Korea.
Answer: A
Difficulty: Easy
Chapter LO: 6
AACSB: Reflective thinking
Course LO: Identify and describe the processes and tools of strategic marketing
76) The Big Mac Index shows that the price of the Big Mac in China converted from the local currency, yuan, to be $2.18, whereas its price in the United States is $3.73. This shows that:
A) the Big Mac is more popular in China than in the United States.
B) the Big Mac is less expensive in the United States than in China.
C) the Chinese yuan is overvalued when compared to US $.
D) the Chinese yuan is undervalued against the US $.
E) beef is less expensive in China than in the United States.
Answer: D
Difficulty: Moderate
Chapter LO: 6
AACSB: Analytical thinking
Course LO: Identify and describe the processes and tools of strategic marketing
77) One Friday a few years ago, the Big Mac Index suggested that the yen was overvalued relative to the dollar by 70%. When currency markets opened on the following Monday, anyone using the Big Mac Index would conclude that the yen was only 20% overvalued relative to the dollar. What is the most likely explanation for this?
A) Japan's Central Bank acted to prop up the yen.
B) Inflation in Japan suddenly spiked upward.
C) McDonald's headquarters stopped hedging.
D) McDonald's Japan reduced the yen price of a Big Mac.
E) McDonald's Japan increased the yen price of a Big Mac.
Answer: D
Difficulty: Moderate
Chapter LO: 6
AACSB: Analytical thinking
Course LO: Identify and describe the processes and tools of strategic marketing
78) If an American tourist in Tokyo pays more in dollars for the same amount of yen that she bought last week, then:
A) a Japanese tourist in San Francisco pays more in yen for the same amount of dollars that she bought the week before.
B) the dollar has depreciated relative to the yen.
C) the yen has depreciated relative to the dollar.
D) the dollar has appreciated relative to the yen.
E) the dollar and yen both remained same in value.
Answer: B
Difficulty: Moderate
Chapter LO: 6
AACSB: Analytical thinking
Course LO: Identify and describe the processes and tools of strategic marketing
79) Porsche relies on currency hedging rather than price increases in order to:
A) boost pretax profits on sales of its automobiles.
B) balance the relative value of the dollar compared to the euro.
C) protect all earnings from foreign-exchange movements.
D) generate about 45% of its sales in the United States.
E) A, B, and C
Answer: E
Difficulty: Difficult
Chapter LO: 6
AACSB: Analytical thinking
Course LO: Identify and describe the processes and tools of strategic marketing
80) When countries or regions experience currency and/or economic stress, all of the following events can take place except:
A) increased exposure to certain risks.
B) new profit opportunities.
C) lower local currency financing costs.
D) bad debts occur.
E) cancellation of aircraft equipment sales.
Answer: C
Difficulty: Moderate
Chapter LO: 6
AACSB: Analytical thinking
Course LO: Identify and describe the processes and tools of strategic marketing
81) The world economic environment is changing very rapidly and has become increasingly competitive. In order to achieve success, based on author William Greider's analysis, what are the realities that executives and marketers should take into account in such a dynamic environment?
Answer: (a) Capital movements have replaced trade as the driving force of the world economy; (b) production has become "uncoupled" from employment; (c) the world economy dominates the scene; individual country economies play a subordinate role; (d) the struggle between capitalism and socialism is largely over; and (e) the growth of e-commerce diminishes the importance of national barriers and forces companies to reevaluate their business models.
Difficulty: Moderate
Chapter LO: 1
AACSB: Reflective thinking
Course LO: Identify and describe the processes and tools of strategic marketing
82) Traditionally economists identified four main types of economic systems. However, due to globalization it is harder to categorize the systems narrowly. What will be more robust descriptive criteria that can be used for classification?
Answer: (a) type of economy; (b) type of government; (c) trade and capital flows; (d) the commanding heights; (e) services provided by the state and funded through taxes; (f) institutions; and (g) markets.
Difficulty: Moderate
Chapter LO: 1
AACSB: Reflective thinking
Course LO: Identify and describe the processes and tools of strategic marketing
83) What are the distinguishing features between Centrally Planned Socialism and Centrally Planned Capitalism? Give examples of countries which follow these systems.
Answer: In Centrally Planned Socialism, the state has broad powers to serve the public interest as it sees fit. Ownership of entire industries as well as individual enterprises belongs to the government. The elements of the marketing mix are not used as strategic variables. In Centrally Planned Capitalism, economic system command resource allocation is utilized extensively in an overall environment of private resource ownership. In Sweden, the government controls two-thirds of all expenditures, and the resource allocation is more "command" oriented than "market" oriented. This would be an example of centrally planned socialism although it can have elements of capitalism. China is an example of centrally planned socialism.
Difficulty: Moderate
Chapter LO: 3
AACSB: Analytical thinking
Course LO: Identify and describe the processes and tools of strategic marketing
84) A decade ago, a number of countries in Central Europe, Latin America, and Asia were expected to experience rapid economic growth. Today much attention is focused on opportunities in Brazil, Russia, India, and China. Give reasons for this shift using an example of a manufacturer.
Answer: These four countries are collectively known as BRIC. Microsoft's experience illustrates the nature of the market opportunity in these countries: In fiscal 2008, the software giant's collective revenues from BRIC grew 54%, compared with overall global revenue growth of 18%. Experts predict that the BRIC nations will be key players in global trade even as their track records on human rights, environmental protection, and other issues come under closer scrutiny by their trading partners. The BRIC government leaders will also come under pressure at home as their developing market economies create greater income disparity.
Difficulty: Difficult
Chapter LO: 3
AACSB: Analytical thinking
Course LO: Identify and describe the processes and tools of strategic marketing
85) The newly independent countries of the former Soviet Union present an interesting situation: income is declining, and there is considerable economic hardship. The potential for disruption is certainly high. Are they problem cases, or are they attractive opportunities with good potential for moving out of the low-income category?
Answer: These countries are good example of risk-reward trade-off. Many companies have taken the plunge, but many others are still assessing whether to take risk. Belarus and Turkmenistan are rated quite low in the rankings in terms of economic freedom. Russia itself has slipped within the upper-middle-income category. However, there are still some former Soviet-dominated countries which have opportunities for economic growth. It much depends on the actions taken by the Soviet republic. For example, the launching of a military action in Georgia creates a ripple effect and causes economic and political instability.
Difficulty: Moderate
Chapter LO: 3
AACSB: Analytical thinking
Course LO: Identify and describe the processes and tools of strategic marketing
86) Authors Prahalad and Hammond have identified several assumptions and misconceptions about the "bottom of the pyramid" (BOP). Explain these assumptions, giving examples.
Answer: (1) The poor have no money. In Bangladesh villagers spend considerable sums to use village phones operated by local entrepreneurs; (2) the poor are too concerned with fulfilling basic needs to "waste" money on nonessential goods. Consumers who are too poor to purchase a house do buy luxury goods such as televisions and cell phones; (3) the goods sold in developing markets are so inexpensive that there is no room for a new market entrant to make a profit. Since the poor often pay higher prices for many goods, there is an opportunity for efficient competitors to realize attractive margins by offering quality and low prices; (4) people in BOP markets cannot use advanced technology. Residents of rural areas can and do quickly learn to use cell phones and PCs; and (5) global companies that target BOP markets will be criticized for exploiting the poor. A global company offering basic goods and services that improve a country's standard of living can earn a reasonable return while benefiting society.
Difficulty: Moderate
Chapter LO: 3
AACSB: Analytical thinking
Course LO: Identify and describe the processes and tools of strategic marketing
87) Some people believe that marketing is relevant only in affluent, industrialized countries, whereas others believe that the role of marketing is to identify people's needs and wants worldwide, irrespective of the economy. Giving examples of companies involved in energy conservation and technology, support the latter argument.
Answer: People everywhere need affordable and safe drinking water. Recognizing this fact, Nestlé launched Pure Life bottled water in Pakistan. The Coca-Cola Company recently began to address dietary and health needs of low-income countries by developing a beverage, Vitango, which has several nutritional and health benefits. Technology is another area which can benefit countries all over the world. Intel's World Ahead is developing a $550 computer that is powered by a car battery. Hewlett-Packard engineers are working to develop solar-powered communication devices that can link remote areas to the Internet.
Difficulty: Moderate
Chapter LO: 3
AACSB: Analytical thinking
Course LO: Identify and describe the processes and tools of strategic marketing
88) The table below is taken from the Big Mac Index. After reviewing it, answer the questions listed below.
| Country | Big Mac Prices in U.S. dollars or local currency | Official Exchange Rate | (-)/(+) Under/Over Valuation against $, % |
| United States | $3.73 | ||
| China | Yuan 14.5 | 6.65/$1 | |
| Norway | Kroner 45 | 6.25/$1 | |
| Thailand | Baht 70 | 32.3/$1 | |
| Mexico | Peso 32 | 12.8/$1 |
What is meant by PPP? According to this table, which is the most overvalued and undervalued currency? Fill the last column showing under or over valuation of local currencies. Give reasons for your answer. What is the primary drawback of this index? How can this be used?
Answer: PPP stands for purchasing power parity, and this concept is used in adjusting national income data to improve comparability. The table shows by how much, in Big Mac PP terms, selected currencies were over- or undervalued at that time. The most overvalued currency is Norway. On the other hand the most undervalued currency is Thailand, followed by China and Mexico. It should be noted that the PPP-theory-based Big Mac index is too simplistic. Exchange rates are affected by different factors such as interest rate and monetary policies, not by price alone.
| Country | Big Mac Prices in U.S. dollars or local currency | Official Exchange Rate | (-)/(+) Under/Over Valuation against $, % |
| United States | $3.73 | ||
| China | Yuan 14.5 | 6.65/$1 | Under valued |
| Norway | Kroner 45 | 6.25/$1 | Over valued |
| Thailand | Baht 70 | 32.3/$1 | Under valued |
| Mexico | Peso 32 | 12.8/$1 | Under valued |
Difficulty: Difficult
Chapter LO: 6
AACSB: Analytical thinking
Course LO: Identify and describe the processes and tools of strategic marketing
89) What is "Economic exposure," and how does it impact companies like Nestlé, Daimler AG, Royal Dutch Shell, and Astra Zeneca? Assess the impact of a weaker dollar on the financial performance of these corporations.
Answer: Economic exposure refers to the impact of currency fluctuations on the present value of a company's expected future cash flows. Economic exposure is directly proportional to the amount of business a company conducts outside its home market. Nestlé, for example, has 98% of annual sales taking place outside of Switzerland and therefore faces critical economic or currency exposure. Similarly, Daimler AG, Royal Dutch Shell and Astra Zeneca generate over one-third of their sales from the United States. They are all in the eurozone. If the dollar becomes weak relative to the euro, all of these companies will face economic exposure. On the other hand, U.S. companies will be less exposed compared to these companies.
Difficulty: Moderate
Chapter LO: 6
AACSB: Analytical thinking
Course LO: Identify and describe the processes and tools of strategic marketing
90) Porsche relies on currency hedging rather than price increases to boost pretax profits on sales of its automobiles. What is the advantage of doing this, and how does hedging work?
Answer: Hedging exchange rate exposure involves establishing an offsetting currency position such that the loss or gain of one currency position is offset by a corresponding gain or loss in some other currency. Porsche manufactures all of its cars in Europe but generates about 45% of its sales in the United States. It therefore faces economic exposure stemming from the relative value of the dollar compared to the euro. Thus, Porsche is considered to be fully hedged, which means it takes currency positions to protect all earnings from foreign-exchange movements.
Difficulty: Moderate
Chapter LO: 6
AACSB: Analytical thinking
Course LO: Identify and describe the processes and tools of strategic marketing
CHAPTER 2
THE GLOBAL ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT
SUMMARY
A. The economic environment is a major determinant of global market potential and opportunity. In today’s global economy, capital movements are the driving force, production is uncoupled from employment, and capitalism has vanquished communism. Based on patterns of resource allocation and ownership, the world's economies can be categorized as market capitalism, centrally-planned capitalism, centrally-planned socialism, and market socialism. The final years of the twentieth century were marked by transitions toward market capitalism in many countries that had been centrally controlled. However, great disparity still exists among the nations of the world in terms of economic freedom.
B. Countries can be categorized in terms of their stage of economic development: low income, lower middle income, upper middle income, and high income. Gross domestic product (GDP) and gross national income (GNI) are commonly used measures of economic development. The 50 poorest countries in the low-income category are sometimes referred to as least-developed countries (LDCs). Upper middle-income countries with high growth are often called newly industrializing economies (NIEs). Several of the world’s economies are notable for their fast growth; the BRICS nations include Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa. The Group of Seven (G7), Group of Eight (G-8), and Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) represent efforts by high-income nations to promote democratic ideals and free-market policies throughout the rest of the world. Most of the world's income is located in the Triad, which is comprised of Japan, the United States, and Western Europe. Companies with global aspirations generally have operations in all three areas. Market potential for a product can be evaluated by determining product saturation levels in light of income levels.
C. A country’s balance of payments is a record of its economic transactions with the rest of the world; this record shows whether a country has a trade surplus (value of exports exceeds value of imports) or a trade deficit (value of imports exceeds value of exports). Trade figures can be further divided into merchandise trade and services trade accounts; a country can run a surplus in both accounts, a deficit in both accounts, or a combination of the two. The U.S. merchandise trade deficit was $819 billion in 2007. However, the U.S. enjoys an annual service trade surplus. Overall, however, the United States is a debtor; China enjoys an overall trade surplus and serves as a creditor nation.
D. Foreign exchange provides a means for settling accounts across borders. The dynamics of international finance can have a significant impact on a nation’s economy as well as the fortunes of individual companies. Currencies can be subject to devaluation or revaluation as a result of actions taken by a country’s central banker. Currency trading by international speculators can also lead to devaluation. When a country’s economy is strong or when demand for its goods is high, its currency tends to appreciate in value. When currency values fluctuate, global firms face various types of economic exposure. Firms can manage exchange rate exposure by hedging.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1 Identify and briefly explain the major changes in the world economy that have occurred during the past few decades
2 Compare and contrast the main types of economic systems that are found in different regions of the world
3 Explain the categories of economic development used by the World Bank and identify the key emerging country markets at each stage of development
4 Discuss the significance of balance of payments statistics for the world’s major economies
5 Identify the countries that are the world’s leading exporters
6 Briefly explain how exchange rates impact a company’s opportunities in different parts of the world
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
2-4. The seven criteria for describing a nation’s economy introduced at the beginning of this chapter can be combined in a number of different ways. For example, the United States can be characterized as follows:
- Type of economy: Advanced industrial state
- Type of government: Democracy with a multi-party system
- Trade and capital flows: Incomplete free trade and part of trading bloc
- The commanding heights: Mix of state and private ownership
- Services provided by the state and funded through taxes: Pensions and education but not health care
- Institutions: Transparency, standards, corruption is absent, a free press and strong courts
- Markets: Free market system characterized by high risk/high reward entrepreneurial dynamism
Use the seven criteria found on pp. 42 to develop a profile of one of the BRICS nations, or any other country that interests you. What implications does this profile have for marketing opportunities in the country?
Student answers will vary by country chosen.
2-5. Why are Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa (BRICS) highlighted in this chapter? Identify the current stage of economic development for each BRICS nation.
Experts predict that the BRICS nations will be key players in global trade even as their track records on human rights, environmental protections and other issues come under closer scrutiny by their trading partners.
Russia and South Africa fall within the upper-middle-income category. Brazil and China are in the lower-middle-income category while India is the only BRICS nation to be in the low-income category.
2-6. Turn to the Index of Economic Freedom (Table 2-3) and identify where the BRICS nations are ranked. How should Global Marketers use the Index as a guide to global market opportunities?
Brazil, Russia, India, and China fall within the “Mostly Unfree” category. This indicates that, while the index and what it stands for are certainly important to marketers, they are not willing to forego the business opportunities presented by these countries. South Africa however, falls within the “Moderately Free” category.
2-7. The Heritage Foundation’s Index of Economic Freedom is not the only ranking that assesses countries in terms of successful economic policies. For example, the World Economic Forum (WEF; www. weformum.org) publishes an annual Global Competitiveness Report; in the 2010-2011 report, the United States ranks in fourth place according to the WEF’s metrics. By contrast, Sweden was in second place. According to the Index of Economic Freedom’s rankings the United States and Sweden are in 10th and 18th place, respectively. Why are the rankings so different? What criteria does each index consider?
The Heritage foundation measures trade policy, taxation policy, government consumption of economic output, monetary policy, capital flows and foreign investment, banking policy, wage and price controls, property rights, regulations, and the black market. It does take a very conventional and conservative approach to classifying economies.
On the other hand, the World Economic Forum, according to their website, states: “The World Economic Forum is an independent, international organization incorporated as a Swiss not-for-profit foundation. We are striving towards a world-class corporate governance system where values are as important a basis as rules. Our motto is ‘entrepreneurship in the global public interest’. We believe that economic progress without social development is not sustainable, while social development without economic progress is not feasible. Our vision for the World Economic Forum is threefold. It aims to be: the foremost organization which builds and energizes leading global communities; the creative force shaping global, regional and industry strategies; the catalyst of choice for its communities when undertaking global initiatives to improve the state the world”
http://www.weforum.org/en/about/Our%20Organization/index.htm. [KW2]
Clearly, the WEF assigns a great deal of value to measuring the values and social developments, and opportunities of a country. This strong belief system influences the WEF’s country ranking – not by what it currently possesses but by what it should be doing.
2-8. When the first edition of this textbook was published in 1996, the World Bank defined “low-income country” as one with per capita income of less than $501. In 2003, when the third edition of Global Marketing appeared, “low income” was defined as $785 or less in per capita income. As shown in Table 2-4 of this chapter, $ 1,025 is the current “low income” threshold. The other stages of development have been revised upward in a similar manner. How do you explain the upward trend in the definition of income categories during the past 17+ years?
The economic systems of countries are constantly developing and changes happen rapidly. The percentage of the world’s GNI for low-income countries is now at a record low as compared to the lower-middle-income countries, and the upper-middle-income countries. This suggests great gains in income per person and income distribution for those living in the low-income countries. As countries in the low-income category begin to tackle their economic, social, and political problems, more opportunities present themselves for the people living in those countries.
2-9. A friend is distressed to learn that America's merchandise trade deficit hit a record $ 735 billion in 2012. You want to cheer your friend up by demonstrating that the trade picture is not as bleak as it sounds. What do you say?
The overall trade balance reflects merchandise as well as services trade as reported in official balance of payments figures. The U.S. typically runs a trade surplus in services, which serves to offset the merchandise trade deficit.
The United States is a major service trader. As shown in Table 2-5, U.S. services exports in 2011 totaled approximately $606 billion. This represented slightly less than one-third of total U.S. exports. The U.S. services surplus stood at $178 billion. This surplus partially offset the U.S. merchandise trade deficit, which reached a record $738 billion in 2011.
2-10. India is not included in the Big Mac Index. Can you explain why? Using the following data, compute the price of a Big Mac in Norway, Thailand, and Mexico. What is the equivalent price in dollars? Is it higher or lower than the U.S. price? How much is the kroner (or baht or peso) over- or under valued?
- Norway price: Kroner 45; exchange rate 6.25/$1
- Thailand price: Baht 70; exchange rate 32.3/$1
- Mexico price: Peso 32; exchange rate 12.8/$1
In India the Big Mac is made of chicken, not beef. The Big Mac is also not that popular in India so India is not a good candidate to be included in the Big Mac Index.
Based on the exchange rates stated above, Norway pays 45 Kroner for a Big Mac which equals US $ 7.20 telling us that the Kroner is overvalued. However, in Thailand and Mexico the US Dollar equivalents are $ 2.17 and $ 2.50 respectively. This indicates that both the Thailand Baht and the Mexico Peso are bother undervalued.
OVERVIEW
This chapter will identify the most salient characteristics of the world economic environment, starting with an overview of the world economy. We then present a survey of economic system types, a discussion of the stages of market development, and an explanation of balance of payments. Foreign exchange is discussed in the final section of the chapter. Throughout the chapter, we will discuss the implications of the worldwide economic downturn on global marketing strategies.
ANNOTATED LECTURE/OUTLINE
THE WORLD ECONOMY—AN OVERVIEW
The world economy has changed dramatically since World War II. Perhaps the most fundamental change is the emergence of global markets; responding to new opportunities, global competitors have displaced or absorbed local ones.
The integration of the world economy has increased significantly. Economic integration was 10 percent at the beginning of the 20th century; today, it is approximately 50 percent.
During the past two decades, the world economic environment has become increasingly dynamic; change has been dramatic and far-reaching. To achieve success, executives and marketers must take into account the following new realities:
ü (Learning Objective #1)
a) Capital movements have replaced trade as the driving force of the world economy.
b) Productivity has become “uncoupled” from employment.
c) The world economy dominates the scene; individual country economies play a subordinate role.
d) The struggle between capitalism and socialism that began in 1917 is over.
e) The growth of e-commerce diminishes the importance of national barriers and forces companies to reevaluate their business models.
The first change is the increased volume of capital movements. The dollar value of trade in goods and services was $25 trillion in 2009. However, the Bank for International Settlements has calculated that foreign exchange transactions worth approximately $4 trillion are booked every day. This works out to more than $1 quadrillion annually, a figure that far surpasses the dollar value of world trade in goods and services. An inescapable conclusion resides in these data: Global capital movements far exceed the dollar volume of global trade. In other words, currency trading represents the world’s largest market.
The second change concerns the relationship between productivity and employment. To illustrate this relationship, it is necessary to review some basic macroeconomics. Gross domestic product (GDP), a measure of a nation’s economic activity, is calculated by adding consumer spending (C), investment spending (I), government purchases (G), and net exports (NX):
C _ I _ G _ NX _ GDP
Economic growth, as measured by GDP, reflects increases in a nation’s productivity. Until the recent economic crisis, employment in manufacturing had remained steady or declined while productivity continued to grow.
Now, employment rates have declined in countries where a bubble economy of misallocated resources in housing and real estate has collapsed. In the United States, manufacturing’s share of GDP declined from 19.2 percent in 1989 to13 percent in 2009.
In 2011, manufacturing employment accounted for about 9 percent of the U.S. workforce; in 1971, the figure was 26 percent. During that 40-year period, productivity has increased dramatically. Similar trends can be found in many other major industrial economies as well.
Manufacturing is not in decline—it is employment in manufacturing that is in decline.
Creating new jobs is one of the most important tasks facing policymakers today.
The third major change is the emergence of the world economy as the dominant economic unit. Company executives and national leaders who recognize this have the greatest chance of success.
This change has brought two questions to the fore: How does the global economy work, and who is in charge? Unfortunately, the answers to these questions are not clear-cut.
The fourth change is the end of the Cold War. The demise of communism as an economic and political system can be explained in a straightforward manner: Communism is not an effective economic system. The overwhelmingly superior performance of the world’s market economies has given leaders in socialist countries little choice but to renounce their ideology.
A key policy change in such countries has been the abandonment of futile attempts to manage national economies with a single central plan. This policy change frequently goes hand in hand with governmental efforts to foster increased public participation in matters of state by introducing democratic reforms.
Finally, the personal computer revolution and the advent of the Internet era have in some ways diminished the importance of national boundaries.
ECONOMIC SYSTEMS
ü (Learning Objective #2)
Traditionally, there are four main types of economic systems: market capitalism, centrally planned socialism, centrally planned capitalism, and market socialism. This classification was based on the dominant method of resource allocation (market versus command) and the dominant form of resource ownership (private versus state) (see Figure 2-1).
Alternatively, more robust descriptive criteria include the following:
- Type of economy
- Type of government
- Trade and capital flows
- The commanding heights
- Services provided by the state and funded through taxes
- Institutions
- Markets
Market Capitalism
Market capitalism is an economic system in which individuals and firms allocate resources, and production resources are privately owned. Consumers decide what goods they desire, and firms decide how much to produce; the state’s role is to promote competition (see Table 2 -1).
It would be a gross oversimplification to assume that all market-orientated economies function in an identical manner.
Centrally-Planned Socialism
At the opposite end of the spectrum is Centrally-planned socialism. Centrally-planned socialism gives the state broad powers to serve the public as it sees fit.
State planners make “top-down” decisions about the goods and services produced and in what quantities; consumers spend money on what is available.
Government ownership of industries and individual enterprises is characteristic. Demand exceeds supply, and there is little reliance on product differentiation, advertising, or promotion. To eliminate “exploitation” by intermediaries, the government controls distribution.
Because of market capitalism’s superiority, many socialist countries have adopted it; the ideology developed by Marx and perpetuated by Lenin has been resoundingly refuted.
For decades, the economies of China, the former Soviet Union, and India functioned according to the tenets of centrally planned socialism. All three countries are now engaged in economic reforms characterized, in varying proportions, by increased reliance on market allocation and private ownership.
Centrally-Planned Capitalism and Market Socialism
In reality, market capitalism and centrally-planned socialism do not exist in “pure” form. Command and market resource allocation are practiced simultaneously, as are private and state resource ownership. The role of government in modern market economies varies widely.
Centrally-planned capitalism is an economic system in which command resource allocation is used extensively in an environment of private resource ownership (e.g., Sweden).
Market socialism permits market allocation policies within an overall environment of state ownership.
Market reforms and nascent capitalism in many parts of the world are creating opportunities for large-scale investments by global companies.
The Heritage Foundation, a conservative think tank, classifies economies according to the degree of economic freedom enjoyed. The variables considered in compiling the rankings include:
- trade policy
- taxation policy
- government consumption of economic output
- monetary policy
- capital flows
- foreign investment
- banking policy
- wage and price controls
- property rights
- regulations
- the black market
The rankings form a continuum from “free” to “repressed.” Hong Kong and Singapore are ranked first and second in terms of economic freedom; Zimbabwe, Cuba, and North Korea are ranked lowest (see Table 2-3).
A high correlation exists between the degree of economic freedom and the extent to which a nation’s mixed economy is heavily market orientated.
The Cultural Context: Venezuela After Chavez
Covers how the country of Venezuela economy worked under Chavez – the disparity between what the government claims versus how the people of Venezuela lived, and how the country is coping now.
STAGES OF MARKET DEVELOPMENT
ü (Learning Objective #3)
At any point in time, individual country markets are at different stages of economic development.
The World Bank has developed a four-category classification system that uses per capita gross national income (GNI) as a base. Although the income definition for each of the stages is arbitrary, countries within a given category generally have a number of characteristics in common. (Table 2-4).
Today, global attention is focused on opportunities in Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (collectively known as BRICS). For each of the stages of economic development, special attention is given to the BRICS countries.
Low-Income Countries
Low-income countries have a GNI per capita of less than $1,025 or less. The general characteristics shared by countries at this income level are:
- limited industrialization and a high percentage of the population engaged in agriculture and subsistence farming
- high birth rates
- low literacy rates
- heavy reliance on foreign aid
- political instability and unrest
- concentration in Africa south of the Sahara
Approximately 13 percent of the world’s population is included in this group. Typically, these countries provided limited investment opportunities.
However, there are exceptions; for example, in Bangladesh, where per capita GNP is approximately $780, the garment industry has enjoyed burgeoning exports.
The newly independent countries of the former Soviet Union present an interesting situation: Incomes are low, and there is considerable economic hardship. The potential for disruption is, therefore, high.
Lower-Middle-Income Countries
The United Nations designates fifty countries in the bottom ranks of the low-income category as least-developed countries (LDCs).
The term is sometimes used to indicate a contrast with developing (i.e., upper ranks of low-income plus lower-middle and upper-middle-income) countries and developed (high-income) countries.
Lower-middle-income countries are those with a GNI per capita between $1,026 and $4,035.
With a 2011 GNI per capita of $1,410, India has transitioned out of the low-income category and now is classified as a lower-middle-income country.
Consumer markets in these countries are expanding rapidly. Countries such as China, Indonesia and Thailand represent an increasing competitive threat as they mobilize their relatively cheap labor forces to serve target markets in the rest of the world.
The developing countries in the lower-middle-income category have a major competitive advantage in mature, standardized, labor-intensive light industry sectors such as footwear, textiles and toys.
Emerging Markets Briefing Book – Myanmar is Open for Business
In 2011, Myanmar, formerly known as Burma, changed course. Encouraged by Myanmar’s transition from dictatorship toward economic openness and democracy, may Western governments lifted sanctions such as bans on the country’s imports.
Upper-Middle-Income Countries
Upper-middle-income countries, also known as industrializing or developing countries are those with GNP per capita ranging from $4,036 to $12,475.
Brazil is the largest country in Latin America in terms of the size of its economy, population, and geographic territory.
Brazil also boasts the richest reserves of natural resources in the hemisphere; China, Brazil’s top trading partner, has an insatiable appetite for iron ore and other commodities.
Government policies aimed at stabilizing Brazil’s macroeconomy have yielded impressive results: Brazil’s GNI has grown at an average annual rate of 4 percent over the past 8 years. During the same time period, nearly 50 million Brazilians have joined the middle class as incomes and living standards have risen.
Lower-middle- and upper-middle-income countries that achieve the highest sustained rates of economic growth are sometimes referred to collectively as newly industrializing economies.
Overall, NIEs are characterized by greater industrial output than developing economies; heavy manufactures and refined products make up an increasing proportion of exports. Goldman Sachs, the firm that developed the BRIC framework a decade ago, has identified a new country grouping called Next-11 (N11).
Five of the N11 countries are considered NIEs. These include three lower-middle-income countries: Egypt, Indonesia, and the Philippines. Mexico and Turkey are N11 NIEs from the ranks of the upper-middle income category.
Marketing Opportunities in LDCs and Developing Countries
Despite many problems in LDCs and developing countries, it is possible to nurture long-term market opportunities.
Although Nike sells only a small portion of its output in China, it clearly has the future in mind when it refers to China as a “two-billion-foot market.”
Prahalad and Hammond have identified several assumptions and misconceptions about the “bottom of the pyramid” (BOP) that need to be corrected:
- Mistaken assumption #1: The poor have no money.
The aggregate buying power of poor communities can be substantial. In rural Bangladesh, for example, villagers spend considerable sums to use village phones operated by local entrepreneurs.
- Mistaken assumption #2: The poor are too concerned with fulfilling basic needs to “waste” money on non-essential goods.
Consumers who are too poor to purchase a house do buy “luxury” items such as television sets and gas stoves to improve their lives.
- Mistaken assumption #3: The goods sold in developing markets are so inexpensive that there is no room for a new market entrant to make a profit.
In reality, because the poor often pay higher prices for many goods, there is an opportunity for efficient competitors to realize attractive margins by offering quality and low prices.
- Mistaken assumption #4: People in BOP markets cannot use advanced technology.
Residents of rural areas can and do quickly learn to use cell phones, PCs, and similar devices.
- Mistaken assumption #5: Global companies that target BOP markets will be criticized for exploiting the poor.
The informal economies in many poor countries are highly exploitative. A global company offering basic goods and services that improve a country’s standard of living can earn a reasonable return while benefiting society.
One of marketing’s roles in developing countries is to focus resources on the task of creating and delivering products that are best suited to local needs and incomes.
Marketing can be the link that relates resources to opportunity and facilitates need satisfaction on the consumer's terms.
Some believe marketing is relevant only in affluent, industrialized countries.
· The argument: In less-developed countries the major problem is the allocation of scarce resources toward obvious production needs. Efforts should focus on production and how to increase output, not on customer needs and wants.
- The converse argument: The role of marketing – to identify people’s needs and wants and to focus individual and organizational efforts to respond to these needs and wants – is the same in all countries, irrespective of level of economic development.
There is also an opportunity to help developing countries join the Internet economy. Global companies can also contribute to economic development by finding creative ways to preserve old-growth forests and other resources while creating economic opportunities for local inhabitants.
High-Income Countries
These are advanced, developed, industrialized, or postindustrial countries, having a per capita GNP of $12,476 or higher. They have reached their present income level through sustained economic growth.
The phrase “postindustrial countries” describes the United States, Sweden, Japan, and other advanced, high-income societies.
Product and market opportunities in a postindustrial society are heavily dependent upon new products and innovations.
Seven high-income countries—the United States, Japan, Germany, France, Britain, Canada, and Italy—comprise the Group of Seven (G-7). Finance ministers, central bankers, and heads of state from the seven nations have worked together for more than a quarter of a century in an effort to steer the global economy in the direction of prosperity and to ensure monetary stability.
Representatives from OECD member nations work together in committees to review economic and social policies that affect world trade.
The Triad
The ascendancy of the global economy has been noted by many observers in recent years. One of the most astute is Kenichi Ohmae, former chairman of McKinsey & Company Japan. In his book Triad Power, Ohmae argued that successful global companies had to be equally strong in the dominant economic centers of Japan, Western Europe, and the United States.
These three regions, called the Triad, represented the dominant centers of the world and the location of nearly 75 percent of world income, as measured by GNP.
The expanded Triad includes the entire Pacific region, Canada and Mexico; and the boundary in Europe is moving eastward.
BALANCE OF PAYMENTS
ü (Learning Objective #4)
The balance of payments is a record of all economic transactions between the residents of a country and the world. It is divided into the current and capital accounts. (Table 2-5).
The current account is a measure that includes trade in merchandise and services, plus certain categories of financial transfers such as humanitarian aid.
A country with a negative current account balance has a trade deficit; that is, the outflow of money to pay for imports exceeds the inflows of money for sales of exports
A country with a positive current account balance has a trade surplus. The capital account is a record of all long-term direct investment, portfolio investment and other short- and long-term capital flows.
A country accumulates reserves when the net of its current and capital account transactions shows a surplus; it gives up reserves when the net shows a deficit.
A close examination of Table 2-5 reveals that the United States regularly posts deficits in both the current account and the trade balance in goods.
Overall, the U.S. post balance of payments deficits while important trading partners, such as China, have surpluses. (Table 2-6).
TRADE IN MERCHANDISE AND SERVICES
Thanks in part to the achievements of GATT and the WTO, world merchandise trade has grown at a faster rate than world production since the end of World War II.
According to figures compiled by the World Trade Organization, the dollar value of world trade in 2009 totaled $11.8 trillion.
ü (Learning Objective #5)
In 2003, Germany surpassed the United States as the world’s top merchandise exporter. Exports generate 40 percent of Germany’s gross domestic product, and 9 million jobs are export related.
In 2009, China leapfrogged Germany in the global merchandise export rankings (see Table 2-7).
China’s top-place ranking underscores its role as an export powerhouse; the country has demonstrated continued economic strength by achieving double-digit export growth.
Chinese exports to the United States have surged since China joined the World Trade Organization in 2001; in fact, policymakers in Washington are pressuring Beijing to boost the value of the yuan in an effort to stem the tide of imports.
The fastest-growing sector of world trade is trade in services. Services include travel and entertainment; education; business services, such as accounting, advertising, engineering, investment banking, and legal services; and royalties and license fees that represent payments for intellectual property. One of the major issues in trade relations between the high- and lower-income countries is trade in services.
The United States is a major service trader. As shown in Figure 2-2, U.S. services exports in 2010 totaled nearly $550 billion. This represents about one-third of total U.S. exports. The U.S. services surplus (service exports minus imports) stood at $145 billion. This surplus partially offset the U.S. merchandise trade deficit, which declined to $646 billion in 2010 from a record $838 billion in 2006. American Express, Walt Disney, IBM, Microsoft, and UPS are a few of the U.S. companies that have experienced rapid growth in demand for their services around the world.
OVERVIEW OF INTERNATIONAL FINANCE
Foreign exchange makes it possible for a company in one country to conduct business in other countries with different currencies.
The foreign exchange market consists of a buyer’s market and a seller’s market where currencies are traded for both spot and future delivery on a continuous basis.
Devaluation can result from government action or an economic crisis; devaluation is a reduction in the value of a nation’s currency against other currencies.
To the extent that a country sells more goods and services abroad than it buys, there will be a greater demand for its currency and a tendency for it to appreciate in value—unless the government pursues foreign-exchange policies that do not allow the currency to fluctuate. In international economics, such policies are called mercantilism or competitive-currency politics because they favor domestic industries at the expense of foreign competitors.
The Big Mac Index
One way to answer the question is to compare world prices for a single well-known product: McDonald's Big Mac hamburger. The so-called “Big Mac Index” is a ‘quick and dirty’ way of determining which of the world's currencies are too weak or strong.
The underlying assumption is that the price of a Big Mac in any world currency should, after being converted to dollars, equal the price of a Big Mac in the United States.
A country’s currency would be overvalued if the Big Mac price (converted to $) is higher than the U.S. price. Conversely, a country’s currency would be undervalued if the converted Big Mac price is lower than the U.S. price.
Economic Exposure
Economic exposure reflects the impact of currency fluctuations on a company’s financial performance. Economic exposure can occur when a company’s business transactions result in sales or purchases denominated in foreign currencies.
Managing Exchange Rate Exposure
ü (Learning Objective #6)
It should be clear from this discussion that accurately forecasting exchange rate movements is a major challenge. Over the years, the search for ways of managing cash flows to eliminate or reduce exchange rate risks has resulted in the development of numerous techniques and financial strategies.
Hedging exchange rate exposure involves establishing an offsetting currency position such that the loss or gain of one currency position is offset by a corresponding gain or loss in some other currency.
External hedging methods for managing both transaction and translation exposure require companies to participate in the foreign currency market. Specific hedging tools include forward contracts and currency options.
Internal hedging methods include price adjustment clauses and intra-corporate borrowing or lending in foreign currencies.
The forward market is a mechanism for buying and selling currencies at a preset price for future delivery.
For a foreign currency, option is best for such situations. A put option gives the buyer the right, not the obligation, to sell a specified number of foreign currency units at a fixed price, up to the option’s expiration date.
Conversely, a call option is the right, but not the obligation, to buy the foreign currency. In other words, the U.S. company locks in the value of the contract in dollars. Thus, if the project is granted, the future foreign currency cash inflow has been hedged by means of the put option. If the project is not granted, the company can trade the put option in the options market without exercising it; remember: options are rights, not obligations.
CASES
Case 2 -1: A New Front in the Battle of Ideas
Overview: The economic environment has changed since the economic crisis began in 2008. In one view, the G-7 world was characterized by widespread agreement that prosperity depended on the rule of law, independent courts, transparency, and a free media. In this world, free market capitalism is the dominant ideology and global corporations are the principle economic heavyweights. These global players seek to maximize profit and thereby increase shareholder wealth.
So, what has changed? China has emerged from the global economic crisis in relatively good shape, yet China’s leaders do not fully embrace free market economics. The courts are not independent, and the media is not free. Moreover, China is not a democracy. Under state capitalism, politicians become key economic actors; rather than making profit the number one goal, they seek first to achieve political goals. China’s success has emboldened socialist-leaning ruling elites in other countries to pursue economic growth while solidifying their own bases of political power. This is creating friction between competing economic systems.
2-11. Does the global economic crisis signal that the American model of free market capitalism is fundamentally flawed?
Not necessarily flawed, just bruised a little. The American model of capitalism does not fully address the different social situations of all of the countries around the world, which are: those that are centrally planned capitalism, centrally planned socialism, and market socialism. Each system requires different approaches to prevent and alleviate an economic crisis
2-12. Keynes and Hayek aren’t necessarily household names, but they did get a boost when economist Russell Roberts created a rap video title Fear the Boom and Bust with filmmaker John Papola. The video is available on YouTube. After viewing it, you should be able to answer the following question. Are you a Keynesian? Or do you side with Hayek?
Student answers will vary.
2-13. Policymakers in Japan, the world’s third-largest economy must transition their nation away from a manufacturing-dependent model for growth. What industry sectors might emerge as the new drivers of economic growth?
The service sector and environmental manufacturing and service opportunities abound for Japan as it transitions’ from a manufacturer of goods to a producer of goods and services. One of the fastest-growing sectors of world trade is the trade of services between high income and low- or middle-income countries. Japan with its location in Asia stands to profit from their distribution of services to that continent.
2-14. Do you think that the economic stimulus programs in the United States, Asia, and elsewhere are the right approach to pulling the world out of recession?
The movement of capital, the production of goods, the balance of payment, trade surpluses, trade deficits, and service trades are all key driving forces surrounding a country’s economy. The US balance of payment in both its current and capital accounts are in the negative range. Therefore, it is unlikely that the US can further influence the world’s economy.
2-15. The case mentions China, Russia, and Latin America as countries and regions where state capitalism is present. Are there state capitalist powers in other parts of the world?
A case can be made that countries that the Nordic model with such as Sweden, Denmark, and the social model economy model such as Germany exercise extensive state capitalism in their societies.
Case 2-2: Argentina Uncorks Malbec; World Ready for a Glass
Overview: Argentina has been producing wine since the sixteenth century, but the country’s winemakers did not start competing globally until recently. Argentina’s sudden popularity in global markets is due in large part to Malbec, a grape variety that is now synonymous with Argentina. Argentina currently boasts 278 wineries with 1,047 labels, with the vast majority operating in the Mendoza region. Argentina is the fifth-largest wine-producing nation in the world. The target market for Argentina’s wine exports is the United States rather than Europe. As can be inferred from these examples, times are good in Mendoza, but threats in Argentina’s internal and external environments do exist. Perhaps the biggest threat is Argentina itself. Other regions are also starting to experiment with Malbec-based wines. Argentina and Malbec are synonymous for now, but that identity could be lost.
Discussion Questions
2-16. Identify the marketing strategies that have helped Argentina’s wine industry expand beyond its home market and reach consumers in all parts of the world.
Argentina’s marketing strategies include: product differentiation (Malbec);
Competitive pricing: value to the consumer ($10.00 bottle of good wine); use of government protection; repositioning strategy in the global market and strong international investment.
2-17. Even though the Malbec grape is well known in Argentina, consumers in other countries are less familiar with it. What recommendations do you have to help increase consumer understanding of, and appreciation for, Malbec-based wines?
Product education is key; help the wine lover understand the benefits of the flavor of the grape via international marketing and educational events. Of course, any increase in the marketing budget from $ 3 M is a help.
2-18. The forces of supply and demand affect many industries, and the wine industry is no exception. Currently the world is awash in an ocean of excess wine. Winemakers in France, Australia, and other countries are struggling financially. Given this situation, what can Argentina’s wine producers do to maintain or increase their market share?
Increase emphasis on product differentiation and value for the money. Niche marketing – Argentina wines – is a key strategy to employ when the market is saturated with undifferentiated products/services.
TEACHING TOOLS AND EXERCISES
Additional Cases
"Cherries With Charm: Turkey's Alara Agri” by Michael R. Pearce and Jordan Mitchell, June 2009. HBS: 909A19-PDF-ENG.
"Pan Boricua: Developing a Market Strategy for the Hispanic Market in the United States" by Victor Quinones; Julia Sagebien; Marisol Perez-Savelli; Eva Perez; Jennifer Catinchi HBS: 909A20-PDF-ENG
“Global Wine War 2009: New World versus Old.” Christopher A. Bartlett, HBS, 910405.
Out-Of-Class Reading: Assign the following seminal article on marketing and ask students to apply the concepts presented to global marketing.
Theodore Levitt, “Marketing Myopia,” Harvard Business Review 80, no. 7/8 (July-August 2004), pp. 138-149.
Internet Exercise: Have students go to http://finance.yahoo.com/currency?u. This site offers a foreign exchange calculator that allows easy comparison of currency exchange rates. Students will select a few currencies such as the Thai baht, the Chinese yuan, the Malaysian ringed, and Indonesian rupee and compare exchange rates.
Activity: Either in groups or individually, students should begin preparing their Cultural and Economic Analysis and Marketing Plan as noted in Chapter 1.
Videos: This video basically shows a PowerPoint presentation of what to consider when going global, as well as the factors, and how to enter different markets. At the end it gives some random facts, for example that more than half of the world’s notebook computers are made under contract in Taiwan.
Link: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t0OMYXYMAeI
This video was produced by the Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth. He explains how people in the Western world, India for example, weigh more heavily on advertisement than people in America do. The presenter explains that cultural awareness and cultural knowledge are necessary prerequisites to be successful in a global market. At the end he gives advice to students including learning another language, and becoming informed of another culture, developing empathy, etc. These traits will help you open up more to managing a global business. 3 ½ minutes long.
Link: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fbBMOjoMDA4&feature=relmfu
Film: Have students watch the movie “Wall Street.” Although not dealing directly with international finance, the film gives students insight into various financial dealings and transactions and the potential outcomes associated.
SUGGESTED READINGS
Books
Enghold, Christopher. Doing Business in Asia’s Booming China Triangle. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1994.
Finger, Michael J. Institutions and Trade Policy. Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar, 2002.
Garten, Jeffrey E. The Big Ten: The Big Emerging Markets and How They Will Change Our Lives. New York: BasicBooks, 1997.
Isaak, Robert A. Managing World Economic Change. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, Inc., 1995.
Kennedy, Paul. The Rise and Fall of Great Powers. New York: Random House, 1987.
McCue, Sarah. Force to Force: Building Profitable E-Commerce Strategies. Mason, OH: Thomson Higher Education, 2006.
Roberts, Paul C., and Karen Le Follette Araujo. The Capitalist Revolution in Latin America. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997.
Shapiro, Alan C. Multinational Financial Management, 5th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, Inc., 1995.
Porter, Michael E. The Competitive Advantage of Nations. New York: The Free Press, 1990.
Thurow, Lester. Head to Head: The Coming Economic Battle Among Japan, Europe, and America. New York: William Morrow and Company, Inc., 1992.
Articles
Cavusgil, S. Tamer. “Measuring the Potential of Emerging Markets: An Indexing Approach.” Business Horizons 40, no. 1 (January/February 1997), pp. 87-91.
Czinkota, Michael R. “The World Trade Organization – Perspectives and Prospects,” Journal of International Marketing 3, no. 1 (1995), pp. 85-92.
Dowlah, C.A.F. “The Future of the Readymade Clothing Industry in the Post-Uruguay Round World.” World Economy 22, no. 7 (September 1999), pp. 933-953.
Golden, Peggy A., Patricia M. Doney, Denise M. Johnson, and Jerald R. Smith, “The Dynamics of a Marketing Orientation in Transition Economies: A Study of Russian Firms,” Journal of International Marketing 3, no. 2 (1995), pp. 29-49.
Kaikati, Jack G., George M. Sullivan, John M. Virgo, T. R. Carr, and Katherine S. Virgo, “The Price of International Business Morality: Twenty Years under the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act,” Journal of Business Ethics 26, no. 3 (2000), pp. 213-222.
Knight, Gary and S. Tamer Cavusgil. “Innovation, Organizational Capabilities and the Born Global Firm,” Journal of International Business Studies 35, no. 2 (2004), pp. 121-141.
Prowse, Michael. “Is America in Decline?” Harvard Business Review 70, no. 4 (July/August 1992), pp. 36-37.
Swift, Time and Mudambi, Ram, "Leveraging Knowledge and Competencies Across Space: The Next Frontier in International Business" Journal of International Management Volume 17, Issue 3, September 2011, Pages 186–189.
Yan, Rick, "To Reach China's Consumers, Adapt to Guo Qing," Harvard Business Review 72, no. 5 (September/October 1994), pp. 66-74.
[KW1]deleted question 1 from old IM as it is not in the next edition
[KW2]this website no longer available
[KW3]Case 2-2 Ecuador…not in new text so I have deleted it.
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